1037 
because this is, besides, in itself strongly bent outward, which is 
especially apparent when the posterior and inferior border are con- 
sidered. This part of the ramus is thick and strong. This thickness 
and the bending of the angular part of the ramus outward mean 
strong development of the musculus masseter, absolute and in com- 
parison with the musculus pterygoidens internus *). In the morpho- 
logy of the ramus mandibulae described, as in that of the chin-region, 
the lower jaw of Wadjak II represents very perfectly the type of 
modern Man (Homo sapiens). 
Entirely opposite to this is the type of the lower jaw of Homo 
neandertalensis, which is exhibited in its greatest purity by the 
Mauer mandible (Homo heidelbergensis). Here no protuberantia 
mentalis (in the older form, the Heidelberg Man) or only traces of 
it (in some representatives of the later form, the Neandertal Man 
proper), nor outward bending of the inferior border of the corpus 
mandibulae. On the other hand, on the inner side of the regio 
mentalis, particularly in this most original and powerful jaw of the 
type, a considerable strengthening of the arch of the mandible by 
means of a torus mentalis internus, closely corresponding to that of 
the Anthropoids and of most of the lower Monkeys, and in connection 
with this no spina mentalis, or one that is only little developed. 
The two rami converge from above downward, and the thin 
pars angularis is bent inward (at least not outward). In the Homo 
neandertalensis of La Chapelle-aux-Saints BouLe has also described 
and drawn this important obliqueness of the rami mandibulae with 
regard to the sagittal plane of the skull, and the greatly narrowed 
pars angularis, which makes the said obliqueness more apparent, in 
that it “se déjette en dedans, au lieu de se déjetter en dehors, comme 
dans la plupart des mandibules humaines actuelles’’*); he has also 
pointed out its occurrence in many cynomorphous Monkeys and in 
the Orang-utan among the Anthropoid Apes, also seeing in this an 
indication for the comparatively great strength of the musculi ptery- 
goidei (which may also be inferred from the extensive surfaces of 
their origin and insertion). 
It is clear that thus in the Man of Wadjak, just as in a more or 
less degree in general in Homo sapiens, the directions of the right 
and the left musculus masseter, which muscles moreover had their 
1) According to THEILE the musculus pterygoideus internus, in a strong Euro- 
pean, has not even half the weight of the masseter, the musculus temporalis on 
the other hand one and a half times the weight. 
9) MARCELLIN Boure, L'Homme fossile de La Chapella-aux-Saints. Paris 1913, 
p. 983—94 and p. 65, fig. 45. 
