1040 
and unequal strength of them must go hand in hand with different 
and unequally strong function. In the last-mentioned type, that of 
modern Man, the musculus masseter is comparatively stronger, the 
musculi pterygoidei are weaker than these muscles were in the type 
of the Neandertal Man. The direction of the musculus pterygoideus 
internus in modern Man is such that it strengthens the action of 
the masseter to a considerable degree, thus helping to elevate the 
lower jaw, whereas in the Neandertal type the more transverse 
direction of this muscle (which is besides stronger), with regard to 
the ramus, caused it and the musculus pterygoideus externus, with 
the musculus temporalis, to be especially aetive in the grinding 
movement. The latter muscle was more developed broadwise (in 
sagittal direction), less as to its height (vertical direction) in Homo 
neandertalensis, which could be inferred not only from the form of 
its attachment area on the skull *, but also from its broad insertion, 
appearing in the shortness, but considerable breadth of the processus 
coronoides and the shallowness of the incisura mandibulae. The 
backmost part of the muscle, active in the masticatory movement, 
was evidently, compared with the type of Homo sapiens-wadja- 
kensis, relatively stronger than the front part, which assists the 
masseter. 
Thus the masticatory apparatus of the type Homo neandertalensis- 
heidelbergensis was undoubtedly more adapted for grinding move- 
ment; that of Homo sapiens-wadjakensis, on the other hand, parti- 
cularly suitable for biting, cutting, and crushing of the food. The 
latter type was most perfect in the Wadjak Man. The lower dental 
arch is here at the molars narrower by the width of a crown than 
the upper dental arch, so that, as I have already mentioned, the 
buccal cusps of the lower molars are worn off very obliquely against 
the lingual cusps of the upper molars, whereas the lingual cusps 
of the lower, and the buccal cusps of the upper molars have remained 
intact (nm, and m,), or are worn off a good deal less (m,). Grinding 
mastication, with horizontal movement of the lower jaw, as in the 
other type, must not have been possible with this obliqueness of 
the masticatory surfaces and great inequality of the two dental 
1) Described by M. Bouts, loc. cit. p. 43, of the skull of La Chapelle-aux- 
Saints. Compare also: R. VircHow (Zeitschrift fiir Ethnologie. Berliner Gesell- 
schaft fiir Anthropologie, Ethnographie und Urgeschichte. 1872, p. 8) on the 
Neandertal-skull and J. FRAIPONT (JULIEN FRaipont et Max LoHeEst, Recherches 
ethnographiques sur des ossements humains découverts dans les dépots quaternaires 
d'une grotte à Spy. Archives de Biologie. Vol. VII. (1886), p. 720. Gand 1887) 
on the Spy-skulls. 
