1043 
to a lamina submentalis, all this in connection with a more vegeta- 
rian way of living. 
Thus the comparison of the masticatory apparatus teaches us that 
Homo wadjakensis and Homo neandertalensis were types of an 
entirely opposite way of living. The former will have chiefly sub- 
sisted by hunting and fishing, the other must have found his vege- 
table food on, in or near the ground, for there can be no doubt of 
his biped locomotion. The same contrast in mode of living can also 
be deduced from a comparison of the neurocranium and the other 
parts of the skeleton. 
The most striking and important characters of the neurocranium 
of Homo neandertalensis are the platy cephaly (with flattening 
of the forehead and of the occiput, the latter leading to the formation 
of a torus occipitalis transversus), and the torus supraorbitalis. 
These two, in the first place, have been considered as simian morpho- 
logical characters of the Neandertal Man, as attributes of low and 
quantitatively small development of the brain. Chiefly in virtue of 
these characters, G. SCHWALBw*) has tried to justify, with great con- 
viction, the epithet primigentus, assigned by Wirser to this Plistocene 
human type, by comparative measurements and morphological 
investigations. Homo neandertalensis would be the direct stock form of 
Homo sapiens, modern Man, from whom he would be distinguished 
by essential peculiarities. The latter is diametrically opposed to what 
Huxiey stated in his famous treatise “Evidence as to Man’s Place 
in Nature” in 1863, and what, as far as platycephaly is concerned, 
was again advocated by Sra, ten years ago, though with an entirely 
different purpose in view, in an elaborate study’). In Huxrev’s 
Opinion, and in that of others a torus supraorbitalis, though in a 
less degree, would even be found in some cases among the present 
Australians, the lowest and most primitive of living races. In both 
conceptions a type might have been expected in the probably Plistocene 
1) Especially in his “Studien zur Vorgeschichte des Menschen”, Zeitschrift für 
Morphologie und Anthropologie. Sonderheft (228 pp.) Stuttgart 1906. 
*) G. L. Sera, Sul significate della platicefalia con speciale considerazione della 
razza di Neanderthal.Archivio per |’Antropologia e la Etnologia. Vol. 40, p. 381 — 
432 (1910); Vol. 41, p. 40—82 (1911). Sera, indeed, considers the platycephaly 
of the Neandertal Man as a typical property, but not as simian. It is sporadically 
met with in living races, it would, however, have occurred constantly in this 
diluvial Man, pathologically or semi-pathologically, then as a passive adaptation 
to the glacial climate. The characters of the masticatory apparatus discussed here, 
which are in connection with the form of the neurocranium are incompatible with 
this conception; so is the fact that the typical masticatory apparatus of this fossil 
Man in early diluvial time was more perfect (Homo heidelbergensis). 
