1044 
anstraloid Man of Wadjak, which approaches somewhat nearer to the 
type of the Neandertal Man. The contrary is found. Between the 
Javanese proto-Australian and the Neandertal Man the contrast, as 
regards the splanchnocranium, is still sharper than between the 
latter and the Australian of the present time; attention may be 
drawn here to the characters of the external nares. Nor is there 
found a trace of a torus supra-orbitalis at the neurocranium of the 
proto-Australian, or platycephaly; many an Australian of modern 
times is in this respect even somewhat less far from the Neandertal 
Man. Evidently the two types were distinct from the very beginning. 
Indeed since it is known that the capacity of the brain of Homo 
neandertalensis was not smaller than that of present Man, nay even 
exceeded this, it will not do to consider his platycephaly and the 
torus supraorbitalis attending it as characters of a still low and 
simian brain-develupment. Homo neandertalensis was perfectly human, 
and this resemblance in characters to the Apes can only be explained 
as functional analogy. 
The torus supraorbitalis of Homo neandertalensis cannot be 
accounted for by his powerful masticatory apparatus, for in this 
respect he is inferior to Homo wadjakensis, who nevertheless does 
not possess a torus supraorbitalis. No more can such an explanation 
apply to the Monkeys, among which this torus is almost universally 
found. 
It is an important fact that there is no torus supraorbitalis at the 
skull of the Orang-utan, whereas this is strongly developed in the 
other Anthropoid Apes. The neurocranium is also comparatively short 
and round and less flattened in the Malay Ape. The primary devia- 
tion is evidently the absence of the torus supraorbitalis. This can 
again not be attributed to a difference in the comparative size of 
the jaws, for this is certainly no less than in the Chimpanzee, and 
equals in large individuals of Sumatra that of the Gorilla. 
Now there is one organ in the Orang-utan very peculiarly deve- 
loped, entirely different from what is found in the other Anthropoid 
Apes, and this is in connection with the mechanism of the movements 
of the skull, and indirectly with its shape. In all orang-utans, female 
as well as male ones, the throat poach or laryngeal sac, properly two 
sacs, homologue to the small ventricles of the mucous membrane of 
the larynx, which are known by the name of ventriculi Morgagni 
in the anatomy of Man, is or are not enclosed between the lower 
jaw and the trachea, as in the Siamang, or (apart from axillary and 
other deepseated recesses and c.q, of transverse sacs under the lower 
jaw) restricted to the median front side of the neck only, as in the 
