1048 
Apparently the torus supraorbitalis of Homo neandertalensis must 
be explained in a similar way, as mechanically efficient, and as 
having arisen mechanico-physiologically, if the head was not carried 
erect, resting in equilibrium on the vertebral column, as in Homo 
sapiens-wadjakensis, but bent forward, supported by the muscles 
of the neck. And actually a number of characters of the former, 
of which some had been known already for some time, others were 
. described by Marceriin Boure for the first time, from the fossil man 
of La Chapelle-aux-Saints, could not be explained differently. The 
characters of the occiput lead us to assume that in Neandertal Man 
the muscles of the neck were very strong and supported the head 
also in a position of rest. This latter appears-among others from 
the steepness of the planum nuchale. For the glabella-inion-opisthion 
angle or lower inion angle amounts to 51.5° at the Neandertal cal- 
varia, to 54° at the skull of Spy I, to 53° in Spy II, to 44,5° at 
the skull of La Chapelle-aux-Saints (Boure), to from 31° to 40° in 
Homo sapiens; in Wadjak I this angle cannot be determined accurately ; 
it is probably 40°, but the planum nuchale is still less steep as a 
whole on account of the depression under the inion well-known 
also of Australian skulls. The foramen occipitale is placed somewhat 
further backward in the Neandertal Man than generally in modern 
Man (and the Wadjak Man), and the angle of the plane of this 
foramen with the plane of the orbital axes (Broca) is open in front, 
in the same way, though not so widely, as in the Anthropoids, 
in contrast with the angle open to the back of the modern type 
of Man and of the Wadjak Man (not to be measured accurately 
at the skull of the latter). Accordingly, the plane of the foramen 
occipitale must turn strongly forward (16.5° in comparison with 
the Australian skull, 22° with the European skull, according to 
Boure), if the orbits are to assume the same direction with 
regard to the vertical. The spinous processes of the two lowest 
cervical and first dorsal vertebrae are not directed obliquely 
downward, as in Homo sapiens, but about horizontally, as in the 
Anthropoids, and the curvature of the cervical vertebral column 
is little pronounced. The figure of Neandertal Man was short, 
especially in the legs, but broad and thickset, the posture less per- 
fectly vertical, with legs slightly bent in the hip and knee joints. 
The mastoid processes are comparatively small, so that the musculi 
sternocleidomastoidei, which turn the head, (hardly feasible with 
bent head) were comparatively weak muscles. The orbits are (quite 
different from those in the Wadjak Man) very large, deep, and 
round; the eye-balls must have been large. Like arboreal animals, 
