1049 
and those that move very rapidly (Horse, Ostrich), Homo neander- 
talensis had large eyes, in order to be able to distinguish details in 
the field of view sharply, as served his requirements when seeking 
vegetable food on, in, or near the ground, at any rate in his close 
neighbourhood, like the arboreal animals. It was different with the 
hunting and fishing Wadjak Man, to whom the minute details in 
his field of view were not so important. In accordance with his 
mode of living, the latter, judging from the preserved parts of the . 
femur and the tibia, was equally slenderly built as the Australian 
aborigines are as a rule. He was, indeed, taller; therefore the bones 
are absolutely heavier (thicker). The diaphysis of the femur meas- 
ures in the middle, sagittally 30 mm. (Neandertal 30, Spy 31), 
transversally 29 mm. (Neandertal and Spy 30); under the trochan- 
ter minor, sagittally 28 mm., (Neandertal 29, Spy 27), transversally 
33 mm. (Neandertal 34, Spy 35). The caput femoris has a vertical 
diameter of 47 mm. (Neandertal 52, Spy 53) and the same transversal 
diameter (Neandertal 50, Spy 52). The breadth of the proximal epiphysis 
of the tibia is 75 mm. (Spy 81). Consequently the Wadjak Man was much 
slenderer than the Neandertal Man (whose legs were much shorter). 
In all these points the Neandertal Man was the direct opposite of 
the Wadjak Man. The other peculiarity of the skull, so characteristic 
of the former, of Pithecanthropus, and of the Apes, namely the 
platycephaly, which generally goes together with a torus supraorbitalis, 
and which, with this latter, is entirely absent in the Wadjak Man, 
can now be explained as mechanically efficient: first to 
obtain a longer lever for the force of the muscles of the neck 
carrying the exceedingly heavy head, that hangs forwards, through 
the ‘“chignon”-like bulging out of the occiput; secondly to get a 
more favourable direction of the musculus epicranius in the conveyance 
of the strain from the occipital bone to the frontal bone, in the 
direction of the longitudinal axis of the calvaria and of the zygomatic 
arches; thirdly to make the head, which was always to be carried 
by muscular force, less top-heavy, by transference of brain below 
the transversal glabella-inion plane (which I propose to demonstrate 
further in a following communication). Also the physiological pressure 
of the musculus epicranius, which worked exceedingly energically, 
may be considered as a direct cause of the platycephaly — in an 
analogous way as in the artificial deformation of the Marken skulls, 
according to Barer’s investigation *). 
1) J. A. J. Baran, Beiträge zur Kenntnis der niederländischen Anthropologie. II. 
Schädel der Insel Marken. Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Anthropologie, Band 16, - 
p. 465—524, with one table and 6 plates. Stuttgart 1914. 
