1272 
glabella-inion plane, and found, on comparison with the skull of a 
New-lrelander, 1233 cm.’ for the capacity of the entire Neandertal 
skull. His confidence .in these results was so great that he stated: 
“An der Thatsache, dass die Capacität des Neanderthalschädels 
nicht mehr als 1230 cm.’ beträgt, ist jedenfalls nicht zu zweifeln’’. 
Yet it has turned out that his conclusion was erroneous. 
SCHAAFFHAUSEN's measurements dit not refer to parts of the cra- 
nial cavity that could be clearly defined. For this reason I measured 
the capacity of the Neandertal calvaria, already in 1897, up to a 
definite plane imaginable in the encephalon, the transversal plane 
through the frontal pole of the hemispherical axis (which plane in 
most human skulls, as also in those of Neandertal and of Spy and 
in Pithecanthropus, corresponds to the boundary of the lowest and 
middle third part of the area of the inferior frontal convolution) and 
the middle of the upper rim of the right suleus transver$us of the 
occipital bone (corresponding to the lower margin of the cerebrum). 
First I then measured the capacity of the calvaria of the Spy-skulls 
at Liege, in the laboratory of my regretted friend Julien FRAIPONT; 
the following day at Bonn, in the Provincial-Museum, with the 
permission of the director, Professor J. Krein, that of the Neandertal- 
calvaria in perfectly the same way, with the same material (rape- 
seed). | found 920 em°. for the Neandertal-calvaria, almost the same 
capacity aS SCHAAFFHAUSEN found in his second measurement. This 
concordance is probably owing to this that the upper rim of the 
right sulcus transversus coincides in its horizontal course with the 
edge of the fracture'). Thus I determined the capacity of the cal- 
varia of Spy I at at least 900 cm’*., of Spy IL at at least 1050 cm’. 
The two latter values can be so only approximately on account of 
the incompleteness and partial reconstruction of the skull walls, 
especially of Spy I. 
of the fossil skull in his later comparison; probably because he took other limits 
of the calvaria space in the modern skulls than in the fossil one. 
J. Ranke (Der Mensch. Zweite Auflage. Band II, p 478. Leipzig 1894) estimated 
the capacity, from the horizontal circumference and the breadth index according to 
Wetcxer’s table, at 1532 cm’. L. Manouvrter (, Deuxiéme étude sur le Pithécanthropus”’ 
in Bulletin de la Société d’Anthropologie de Paris, 4e série, tome 6, p. 585. Paris 
1895) estimated it at 1500 cm*. by assuming a basio-bregmatic height of 125 mm. 
and a cubic index of 1.25. The latter estimation, in Broca-measure, corresponds 
to a minimum of 1410 cm.* real capacity. RANKE supposes, certainly erroneously, 
that the height, independent of the particular shape of the skull, is in the same 
relation to the horizontal dimensions as in ordinary human skulls. 
') Thus noted down at the time of my investigation. The protuberantia occipitalis 
interna, which cannot be sharply defined, lies + 8 mm. higher. 
