1274 
very flat-headed Siamang it has even risen to 2 (in contrast with - 
1.56 in Hylobates agilis); in a female Chimpanzee I found on the 
other hand 1.43. 
These last ratios give rise to doubt whether the comparatively 
small capacity of the upper part of the skull (calvaria) and the 
platycephaly are really an indication in general of a low development 
of the brain; they make it probable that here mechanic factors 
lying outside the brain, which are in connection with the compara- 
tively great size of the jaws or the poise of the head, if they are 
not the only ones, at least preponderate. Actually the jaws of the 
Siamang are comparatively much larger than those of the small 
Hylobatides (the ratio capacity: palatal area was 6.7: 1 in Sympha- 
langus syndactylus, 9.5:1 in Hylobates leuciscus); also the female 
Chimpanzee has comparatively small jaws. And undoubtedly the head 
poise of Homo neandertalensis was different from that of Homo sapiens. 
The ratios found in skulls of Apes might have led us to expect 
that in the platycephalic skulls of the Neandertal type the lower 
part of the skull, hence the whole capacity of the skull in com- 
parison with the calvaria, was more spacious than in skulls of the 
Homo sapiens type. 
This has actually appeared, after in 1909 Boure') with VerNneau 
and River, through direct measurement with millet-seed, had deter- 
mined the (total) skull capacity of the fossil man of La Chapelle- 
Aux-Saints, and had found the considerable amount of 1626 cm? 
Broca-measure, i.e. 1530 em° real capacity ’). 
ScHwaALBE*) then concluded from this skull that it would not do 
to calculate the missing part of the capacity of the Neandertal-skull 
from the comparison with a skull of Homo sapiens, as he had done 
before, and found that the Neandertal type is sharply distinguished 
from that of Homo sapiens by the much more considerable relative 
height of the lower part of the skull, measured by the perpendicular 
of the basion to the glabella-inion line. He states from photograms 
published by Bourke that the height of the lower part of the skull con- 
stitutes a relatively much larger part of the total height (normal to 
the glabella-inion line) than for instance in Australian skulls. The 
calvarial height of the La Chapelle skull is 82 mm. according to 
1) Comptes rendus. Académie des Sciences, loc. cit. 
’) According to E. Scumipt’s Reductionstabelle fiir die Broca’sche Schrotmessungen. 
Archiv für Anthropologie. Band 13. Supplement, p. 78. Braunschweig 1882. 
5) G. Scnwarse, Kritische Besprechung von Boute’s Werk: ,L’Homme fossile de 
La Chapelle aux-Saints’ mit eigenen Untersuchungen. Zeitschrift fiir Morphologie 
und Anthropologie. Band 16, p. 593-594. Fig. 1—3. Stuttgart 1914. 
