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observed by Bork, that the Frisian skulls of the island of Marken, and 
more particularly the female skulls, have become artificially deformed, 
platycephalic through a particular kind of children’s caps; their calva- 
rial height index is on an average 55.4 (in three female skulls 52.5) 
as against 59.4 in the naturally formed old Frisian skulls from mounds. 
It is very remarkable that also this artificial flattening is accom- 
panied by an increase in height of the lower skull. On 28 of Barar’s 
median curves of skulls of mound-Frisians the comparative height 
of the lower skull (vertically below the glabella-inion line) can be 
measured; I find the following values for this in percentages of 
the total height of the’ skull: 25.1, 13.9, 21.3, 19.5, 19.9, 10.3, 
23.0, 23.5, 21.2, 25.2, 21.5, 21.1, 24.0, 25.7, 23.7, 24.7, 24.8, 15.7, 
22.6, 17.7, 12.8, 19.3, 16.5, 21.4, 25.5, 20.0, 24.4, 18.8. The mean 
of these Frisian skulls is 20.8. 
From 9 median curves of Marken skulls I find: 28.4, 28.4, 27.0, 
23.0, 26.0, 26.3, 25.4, 22.9, 21.1. The three first, largest, values 
are of female skulls. The mean of the nine Marken skulls is 25.4, 
of the six male ones(?) alone 24.1, of the three female ones 27.9. 
It thus appears that this artificial platycephaly is attended with 
greater height of the lower skull. This can hardly be imagined in 
another way than that through the pressure from above part of the 
brain mass was forced downward. Therefore to the slight depression 
of the upper part of the skull corresponds a proportionally slight 
rise of the lower part of the skull; in the skull of La Chapelle- 
aux-Saints to 40.5 calvarial height index 39.3 °/, height of the lower 
part of the skull. 
Now the greater height of the lower part of the skull, betow the 
glabella-inion line in skulls of the Neandertal-type and in skulls of 
Apes can certainly partly be accounted for by the relatively high 
situation of the inion. In Spy [ I found this point 12 mm., in Spy 
I] 14 mm. above the middle of the right suleus transversus, while 
in skulls of the present type the two points lie mostly on the same 
level’). In the skull of a » chimpanzee the inion lies 23 mm., in 
1) J. Frarpont and M. Lonest (Recherches Ethnographiques sur des ossements 
humains découverts dans les dépôts quaternaires d'une grotte 4 Spy. Archives de 
Biologie. Vol VII, p. 622. Gand 1887) say that the protuberantia occipitalis 
interna “est situee plus bas et en avant à un centimétre de distance environ”. 
K. Gorsanovic—Kramperaer (Der diluviale Mensch von Krapina in Kroatien, 
p- 112. Wiesbaden 1906) found the protuberantia occipitalis interna „etwa 2 cm. 
abwärts vom Torus’, M. Bourk (loc. cit., p. 47) between the same points, “inion 
interne” and ‘inion externe”, the distance of 24 mm. at the skull of La Chapelle- 
aux-Saints, and Scuwatse (loc. eit, p. 50) in the Neandertal-calvaria the external 
inion opposite the internal “nur um ein Geringes verschoben”’. 
