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of pigment takes place around the base of the setae, the arrangement 
of pigmental spots may be identified with the setal pattern. If this 
view be correct, the opinion of Ermer and his followers, who 
attribute a high value to longitudinal stripes as a primitive element 
in design, becomes untenable and that of J. F. van BemMMe en (1912) 
and Tower (1905), to which pre Merere has recently concurred, 
gains greatly in probability. 
Supposing the homology between colour-design and setal pattern 
to exist in fact, it follows that not only those chrysalids which ex- 
hibit coloured markings should be examined, but likewise those 
without colours, though provided with setae. In this respect it is 
highly remarkable that as early as 1670 SwamMerDAM perceived the 
significance of “hairs” (bristles) on the pupa for the explanation 
of the chrysalid stage. 
Numerous uncoloured pupae possess a setal pattern, nearly always 
corresponding to my type I. Therefore [ am convinced that the 
original chrysalid-pattern consists of setae arranged according to this 
type and most probably provided with pigmental accumulations at 
the base of the hairs. 
Now Cnapman (1893—’96) showed that Lepidopterous pupae 
generally are not so immobile as is commonly supposed and that 
the more active pupae belong to the most primitive groups of 
Lepidoptera. ; 
Combining these two facts, we are led to conceive the primitive 
chrysalis as being provided with a tolerable power of motion and 
decorated with a setal pattern in the same way as the larva. This 
conception completely harmonizes with the view that the pupa 
represents an immobilized subimaginal stage. It is generally acknow- 
ledged that many other facts point in the same direction, e.g. the 
preliminary colour-pattern on the wings (J. F. van BemMe en 1889), 
the external sexual differences, already described in 1843 by Rarze- 
BURG and rediscovered independently by Jackson and PovuLton in 
1890, the smaller degree of difference in size of antennae and 
wings between male and female during pupal than during the 
imaginal stage, as pointed out by Povutton in 1890. ‘With J. F. van 
BEMMELEN I feel justified in adding to these arguments the existence 
of a pupal colour-pattern. | 
As the pupal pattern generally agrees with that of the first larval 
instar, but only with that of the full-grown larva in those cases in 
which the latter has retained the primitive design, I feel justified in 
drawing the conclusion that the pupal stages as well as the first 
larval instar bear a primitive character in distinction to the later 
