30 
at a definite conclusion. Judging from tbe pupal design of other 
Rhopalocera, a return to the primitive pattern of the first instar 
seems highly probable. With each following eedysis the form of the 
scoli becomes more complicated, as Müruer has already observed. 
On the pupa of Vanessa (figured by J. F. v. BEMMELEN in 1912) a 
small spine occupies the place of the dorsal scolus, while the posi- 
tions of the dorsolateral, suprastigmal, infrastigmal, basal and pedal 
scolus are indicated by pigment-spots. It deserves attention that in 
the larval stage the dorsolateral scolus is not present on the abdomen. 
The Perids in their first instar show the primitive pattern very 
completely. In the conrse of larval development great secondary 
changes take place by the multiplication of the number of setae and 
the formation of larger and smaller chitinous plates (called chalazae 
by Frackrer), which often bear a great number of setae. FRACKER 
denies their correspondence with primary setae, but in this he is 
mistaken. I have convinced myself that as far as the 38", and 
sometimes even the 4th eedysis, the primary setae can be sharply 
distinguished from the secondary. The correspondence of these larval 
setae with the pattern of pupa and imago has been pointed out by 
J. F. v. BeMMELEN. Over and above these pigment-spots which can 
be brought in connection with primary setae, a spot is also found, 
corresponding to the dorsolateral seta. 
Papilionid-larvae in their first instar were not at my disposal. 
The drawings of Grouper (1884) however teach us, that amongst 
others in Papilio philenor, star J, simple setae occur arranged 
according to type I. In succeeding instars, they are converted into 
scoli, growing more complicated with each eedysis; in other species 
this change oceurs during the first instar. P. ajax showssetae which 
bifureate at their top, the same is mentioned by W. Mürrrr for 
different Vanessids, by SHarP for a few Pierids. In the ontogeny the 
dorsal setae disappear first, all the remaining setae follow this 
example successively. 
Unpublished drawings of J. F. vaN BEMMELEN from specimens of 
Papilio podalirius in the collection KALLENBACH (now in the 
Groninger Zoological Laboratory), showed me, that the pigment- 
spots of the fullgrown caterpillar are arranged in a well characterized 
pattern. As far as I can judge they correspond with the dorsal, 
suprastigmal, superior and inferior subdorsal, pro-, post- and infra- 
stiemal seta. Especially remarkable is tbe presence of the inferior 
subdorsal and prostigmal spot, which I did not perceive in the 
illustrations of the first instar. On the pupa of Papilio machaon 
(drawn by van BrMMELEN 1912), a tubercle marks the position of 
