31 
he dorsal verruca. Between the stigma and the said tubercle two 
spots occur, representing the dorsolateral and suprastigmal verruca. 
Thus here again we find a dorsolateral on the pupa, which is 
absent on the abdomen of the caterpillar. For the rest, spots are 
found on the pupa agreeing with the prostigmal, poststigmal, anterior 
and posterior basal and often with the pedal verruca. 
Summarising | may say, that in Rhopalocera during the first instar, 
type I is found on the abdomen. Afterwards three different changes 
may take place. Hither the pattern gets complicated by the forma- 
tion of verrucae, scoli or chalazae, or the setae, growing more 
numerous, spread over the surface of the segment in a homogeneous 
manner, or they disappear altogether. In all cases the primitive 
pattern comes back with the pupal stage, amplified by a dorsolateral 
spot on the abdomen as well as on the thorax. (cf. p. 32). 
Of Heterocera 1 studied the following families: 
Saturniidae (fig. 3). As early as instar / Saturnia pavonia L. shows 
pattern /a and this remains unaltered in sequence. The verrucae, 
which are present in the beginning, later on develop into scoli. On 
the prothorax the subdorsalis only remains a seta, but by its presence 
it justifies the supposition that the corresponding setae on the remaining 
segments have secondarily vanished. 
Bombycidae. Instar IIT of Bombyx rubi shows a distinct arrange- 
ment of verrucae according to type J, but later on this pattern is 
quite wiped out by the great increase of the number of verrucae, 
which at the same time become irregularly dispersed. 
During the first instar Bombyx mori is exclusively ornamented accord- 
ing to type /, the subdorsal seta being simple. In the following 
ecdyses this pattern is rendered indistinct by a homogeneous dis- 
persal of setae, but it may, though not without trouble, still be 
recognized up to the last larval instar, in contradiction with the 
inference of FRACKER (p. 102). 
Sphingidae. Characteristic of this family during instar / is the 
absence of the poststigmal seta on the abdominal segments, a seta 
prostigmalis at the same time being present, while the dorsolateral 
seta only occurs on the thoracic segments. In Sphinx ligustri this 
design is very distinet, in Smerinthus tiliae only a few setae are 
missing, while at the same time a number of shorter setae are found 
dispersed in a homogeneous way amongst the primary ones. In 
Smerinthus -populi during the first instar only a scanty rest of the 
primitive setae is present. In the latter genus the secondary setae 
show a highly remarkable shape. Their height is + 50 u, and near 
the top they split up into a number of branches; the whole thus 
