32 
producing the impression of an umbrella turned inside out by a 
storm. The Sphingid horn takes its origin beneath the dorsal seta of 
the eighth abdominal segment. Weismann, in his treatment of the 
colour pattern, gives only a few words to the setae and cites a 
species of Sphingidae which keeps them during the whole of its life. 
But, as he does not consider the setae as a part of the design, he 
does not give much attention to them. In the above-named species 
the setae disappear after the first ecdysis. 
As long as I have not discovered intermediate stages, I cannot 
feel convinced by FRaCKER’s assertion (p. 126), that the prostigmal 
seta corresponds with his 1, which is usually located beneath the 
stigma, the infrastigmal at the same time answering to x, which in 
other cases stands behind the stigma. In my opinion no proof what- 
ever for such a rotation through an angle of 90° can be adduced. 
Notodontidae. 1 carefully investigated all instars of Phalera buce- 
phala. During the first instar a pattern of single or sometimes 
double setae was present, which accorded to type /. The double 
setae occupying the place of the dorsal might be supposed to be 
the result of a coalescence of this last with the dorsolateral. During 
following instars, up to the fourth, this pattern remains practically 
unmoditied, but then the simple and double setae change into verrucae, 
which, however, maintain the same arrangement. Further the number 
of pigment spots increases after every ecdysis ; especially along fore- 
and hind-margin of the segment. These spots unite with the accu- 
mulation of pigment in the verrucae and in this way horizontal 
lines are formed, running along the whole body. This is the only 
ease in which I have been able to trace the origin of stripes, in 
all others they appear without any preliminary phenomena. 
Cossidae. A full-grown larva of Zeuzera pyrina, a species which 
in the imaginal instar displays a highly primitive wing-design, showed 
on its abdomen type / but without a seta dorsolateralis on the anterior 
border of the stigma, a small seta is found only a little higher up 
than the usual position of seta prostigmalis (fig. 7). Yet I take it as 
such in contradistinction to Fracker, who called it ¢ (my s. supra- 
stigmalis). The seta above the stigma, which I call s. suprastigmalis 
is named by him 9. According to his system however seta 9 belongs 
to the caudal series, i.e. beneath the subdorsal seta. Such an inter- 
pretation of the arrangement I can only regard as decidedly artifi- 
cial. Quam. found in Cossus a similar arrangement, he calls the seta 
prostigmalis III B. 
Hepialidae. Snare places this family after the Cossidae; many 
systematists, as is well known, unite it with Micropterygidae and 
