37 
the stripy markings arose suddenly, remains open. The hypothesis 
of Eimer that stripes are more primitive than spots I feel compelled 
to reject. 
Verrucae must have originated independently in the most different 
families, e.g.: Vanessidae, Pieridae, Papilionidae, Saturnidae, Bom- 
byeidae, Notodontidae, Arctiidae, Lymantridae, Noctuidae, Ptero- 
phoridae, Kriocephalidae. Therefore no systematic value can be 
attributed to their presence. 
In a few families, e.g. Arctiidae and Lymantridae, which without 
doubt are nearly related to each other, plumose setae have been 
differentiated out of simple ones. 
Homogeneous dispersal of setae (Pieris napi, Bombyx mori) and 
baldness (Papilionidae, Sphingidae) are both of secondary origin. 
The Sphingidae occupy a peculiar position, in so far as a pro- 
stigmal seta is found on their abdomen, the poststigmal one being 
at the same time absent. | doubt the systematic value of this 
phenomenon, the more so, as l believe that in other families I have 
traced my prostigmal seta in ¢ of Frackrr or III B of Quam. 
Finally a few words on the connection between larval and pupal 
markings. Pieris napi and P. brassicae are two nearly related 
species living under exceedingly similar circumstances. The former 
is remarkable for its protective, the latter for its terrifying colouring, 
as well in the larval as in the pupal stage. 
The egg, the first larval instar, the pupa and the imago, resemble 
each other almost completely as to their colour-design, but the older 
larval instars become more and more different. In Pieris brassicae 
not only the number of setae goes on increasing, but the tubercles 
from whigh they spring grow in bulk and are strongly pigmented. 
Yet the primary setae remain distinct unto the last larval instar. 
In Pieris napi the setae also get more numerous and the primary 
ones remain distinct during a certain period, but the secondary do 
not combine with the primary into larger groups. The point of 
fixation of the seta in the skin is but faintly pigmented and the 
striae, so conspicuous in P. brassicae, are reduced in P. napi to 
smail specks in the neighbourhood of the stigmata. Now in the pupae 
the same spots, which were shown by the first larval instar, suddenly 
reappear. 
In the case of P. brassicae this means that the pupa shows fewer 
spots than the caterpillar, a reduction in pigment-development there- 
fore taking place. In P. napi, on the contrary, where the larva shows 
hardly any pigment-accumulations and the primary pattern has 
totally disappeared, this pattern also returns on the pupa. 
