46 
In the case of bees Marre PARHON (Ann. des Se. nat. Zoo. Sér., 
9, 9, 1—58) finds that the temperature in the cluster of bees inside 
the hives shows a very striking constancy throughout the year. 
In intact warm-blooded animals, a fall in the surrounding temp- 
erature regularly causes an increase in the respiratory exchange 
thanks to the mechanism of ‘Chemical heat regulation”. 
In all the experiments so far mentioned both on cold-blooded and 
on warm-blooded animals we have to do with two distinct effects 
of temperature, viz. one upon the central nervous system causing 
variation in the innervation of different organs and especially of the 
muscles and one upon the tissues themselves influencing the reaction 
velocity of the metabolic processes. 
In the warm-blooded animals the action of low temperature on 
the skin produces reflexly innervation of the muscles resulting either 
in movements or in increase of tone. 
In the cold-blooded animals the processes in the central nervous 
system | itself are probably acted upon, and increased muscular 
activity is produced by increasing temperature except in the cluster 
of bees which in the aggregate reacts against the temperature some- 
what after the fashion of a warm-blooded animal. 
When the influence of temperature on the metabolic process is 
to be studied, the nervous influence must be excluded, and the 
experiments must be made under standard conditions. 
It has been found repeatedly both on man and on animals that 
even a slight increase in body temperature over the normal produces 
an increase in the standard metabolism. 
It follows from the experiments of Kroc (Biochem. Zeit. 1914, 
62, 266) and others that the velocity of catabolic reactions increases 
in all animals with rising temperature up to a maximum at and 
above which temperature has deleterious effect upon the organism. 
The maximum temperature probably differs considerably for different 
animals, but very few determinations have been made so far. 
The more rigorously standard conditions are maintaind, the more 
regular is the influence of temperature observed. 
Crick and Martin (Journal of Physiol. 45, 40) find that the coag- 
ulation of haemoglobin by heat has the temperature coefficient 13.8 
for the elevation of 10°, whilst in the case of albumen it is higher. 
In this connection it is interesting to note that Von ScHRORDER (Zeit. 
Phys. Chem. 1903, 45, 75) has found that a solution of gelatine 
has a viscosity of 13.76 at 21° C. and 1.42 at 31° C. i. e. about 
10 times less with an elevation of 10°. 
The results obtained by Cuick and Martin show that the temper- 
Gan: _n — 
