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pupae of many Micro’s, of Hepialids, Limacodids ete., all these being 
very like the pupae of Neuroptera’. 
As I already pointed out in my paper on the primary character 
of the Pupal pattern in Butterflies (Proc. K. Akademie van Weten- 
schappen 1918) I feel justified in fully maintaining my views. 
I now wish to discuss somewhat in detail, a few examples of 
similarity between larva, pupa and imago, chosen from the family 
of Sphingids. It is true that up till now I have not been able to 
investigate the subject in full, as I have not yet got acquainted with 
the younger larval instars by personal inspection, nor found occasion 
to study the development of the colour-pattern inside the pupal 
sheath. The comparison of the markings in some nearly-interrelated 
species of caterpillars in a full-grown state, as well amongst themselves 
as with those of their imagines, and in a few cases also with marked 
pupae, gives us such a number of striking proofs of original unity, that 
I consider my assertion satisfactorily backed by evidence. I therefore 
believe it worth-while to direct the attention of entomologists to 
this highly promising subject, especially so, because a complete in- 
sight into the course of evolution of the larval, ny mphal and imaginal 
colour-patterns of a tolerably vast number of species can only be 
obtained by cooperation of a great many competent investigators. 
From times remote the wing-markings of butterflies have attracted 
the curiosity and admiration of men, but to those of the body proper 
only in exceptional cases a little attention has been given, and then 
still from a purily descriptive point of view. Intercomparison of the 
colour-markings on the bodies of related species, or investigation of 
the similarity between the design on the body and that on the wings 
has hardly ever been tried; only when a striking resemblance 
between the two latter exists, is this sometimes made mention of, 
but only as a casual remark. 
Yet it is evident, that when comparing the imago with its cater- 
pillar, only the markings of the body need be minded, and that the 
same applies to the pupa, though in a minor degree, as in the latter 
only the upperside of the forewing is exposed to view, while on the 
contrary part of the lateral body-wall is hidden beneath the wing-sheath. 
When moreover we wish to study the connections between the 
markings on the wings and those on the body, it seems desirable 
first to realise the exact nature of the wings. Now these organs may 
be considered as lateral folds of the dorsal skin of the meso- and 
metathorax, near to and dorsally of the line of stigmata (though 
these openings are obliterated in the said segments of the thorax). Con- 
sequently each wing consists of a dorsal and a ventral lamella of 
