401 
land ice, which is moving seaward. This repulse was more intense 
in the ice-age than now. Von Dryeaiski believes that in the ice-age 
the general sea-level must in consequence of this phenomenon alone 
have been raised 6 m. ’). 
3. Fluctuations of the sea-level, caused by elastic downward move- 
ments of the earth’s crust under the weight of the accreting land-ice, 
succeeded on melting, with some retardation, by contrary movements 
of about equal amount. These important movements are restricted 
to the regions that were covered by the land-ice, as has been proved 
principally by repeated careful researches in North-America’); they 
cannot have exerted a powerful influence upon the height of the sea- 
level, except in the glaciated regions and their immediate vicinity. In 
tropical regions these movements will only have resulted in a slight 
lowering of the sea-level, during the period of growth, and by a 
corresponding rise of the sea-level during and after the retreat. 
Iu tropical regions, therefore, as appears from the foregoing, all 
these additional influences are so little effective that the main pheno- 
menon cannot be largely modified by it. 
Careful consideration of all the calculations that came to my 
knowledge, justifies, I think, the assumption that the collective result 
of all the above-named influences, which, as already observed, partly 
co-operate, and partly counteract each other, has been that during 
the periods of maximal expansion of the ice-caps in pleistocene time, 
the sea-level in tropical regions (viz. the regions farthest removed 
from the large centra of ice-accumulation) must have been at least 
40 fathoms (72 m.) lower than at the present day. Daty *) estimated 
this figure at 33—38 fathoms, or 60—70 m. 
The relations between land and sea, however, are also influenced 
by crustal movements which are quite independent of the glaciation. 
I refer first of all to orogenetic movements of the land, generating 
apparent movements of the sea-level, manifesting themselves in shifts 
of the coast-line, which are not infrequently considerable. They 
occur all over the earth, but exclusively in tectonically active regions. 
Finally the relations between land and sea are still modified 
continually everywhere by shifting of the shore-line, consequent 
on the growth of alluvial deposits, derived from the land by the 
destructive and transporting action of water and wind, secondly by 
the continuous process of filling-up of the ocean-basins by sediments and 
1) E. von DRYGALSKI l.c. p. 199. 
2) Vide: H. E. FarrcuarLp. Postglacial uplift of Northern America. Bull. of the 
Geol. Soc. of Amer. XXIX, p. 187, 1918. 
GER Aj DALY-lesp. 74, LOT: 
