512 
Now, when moving the head relative to the trunk the same phe- 
nomena will be observed that appeared for the tonic labyrinth 
reflexes, namely: 
4. It may be generally stated that, when from a certain position 
relative to the trunk the head is brought into another position, the 
eye of animals deprived of their labyrinths will also perform such 
movements to attain its new position in the orbita, as to make it 
appear that it tries, as il were, to retain its position in space. 
However, these cervical reflexes are much less pronounced than 
the tonic labyrinth reflexes, previously described. Only cervical 
reflexes seem to play a part exclusively for the movements in the 
direction of the palpebral apertures. 
As stated before, neither in our researches in conjunction with 
v. D. Horve, nor in those made by BeNJAMINs could the influence of 
tonie labyrinth reflexes be demonstrated. It would seem, therefore, 
that when the head is moved in a horizontal plane, the compen- 
satory eye-positions in the rabbit can be evoked only by tonic 
cervical reflexes. 
B. Tonic cervical reflexes in the normal animal. 
In the above lines we have already alluded to the possibility that 
the cervical reflexes noted by Barany with various positions of the 
head of his laboratory animals, may find an explanation in a super- 
position of tonic labyrinth-, and tonic cervical reflexes. On further 
investigation this really proved to be the case. It would be irrelevant 
to pass all these reflexes in review. One instance may serve for all: 
BARANY then found that with fixed head and rotation of the trunk 
on its dorso-ventral axis the following phenomena could be observed : 
when the animal is examined in normal position with the head in 
horizontal position with the lower jaw down, the left eye will move 
towards the nose in the direction of the palpebral apertures, and the right 
eye towards the ear, as soon as the trunk is turned towards the left 
eye. When the trunk is turned towards the right eye, this eye will 
move towards the nose and the left eye towards the ear. If, how- 
ever, similar movements of the trunk are performed, with the head 
and the muzzle down, rotation of the trunk towards the left eye 
will result in a movement of the left eye approximately upwards 
(i.e. vertical to the palpebral aperture) and of the right eye approx- 
imately downwards. The explanation is easy, as is shown by the 
diagram in Fig. 1. Fig. 1a represents the position of the left eye 
