661 
to the surface, so that the influence of the anions is greater than 
that of the cations. This rising of the molecules to the surface is 
aided through the addition of cane-sugar, which will intensify the 
charges, because the positive and the negative ions are expelled 
with nearly the same force (the former somewhat more than the 
latter). On the other hand addition of salt weakens the negative 
charges; therefore, intensifies the positive charges. The lyotrope 
series are also of influence. 
The same considerations apply to the positive and the negative 
phases of the phenomenon in some terms of the fatty acid series: 
propionic acid, butyric acid, valerianic acid, and caproic acid. The 
greatest negative charges occur with caproic acid, the smallest with 
propionic acid. Their positive charges are extremely intensive, since 
Negative charges of some anorganic salts'), (in Coulombs X 10—10 
per cc. of sprayed solution). 
Concentrations of the solutions. 
NAMES. ; ; = 
3 n. n. Oa nr 03 Ol at: 
Lithium Chloride 0.13 | 0.11 0.10 0.08 0 
Na. Chloride | 0.13 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.09 0 
K. Chloride | 0.10 | 0.087 | 0.07 | 0.07 0 
Ammonium-Chloride 0.096 | 0.07 | 0.05 0 0 
K. Nitrate = =| gs68" eh m.055,| 0:04 |) 0 
K Bromide == 0.09 | 0.08 0.07 0.05 
K. Iodide — 0.09 | 0.08 0.07 0.04 
K. Phosphate — 0 | 0.07 0.08 0.08 
Na. Phosphate = — — 0.05 | 0.04 
Na. Nitrate — ~ | 05080 | avumes) ossa e 0 
Ammonium-Sulphate — 0.07 0.07 0.04 0.04 
we have to do with volatile entire molecules that lower the surface 
tension. 
1) The other substances examined: potassium-hydroxide, sodium-hydroxide, ammonia, 
baritum-hydroxide (bases), hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulphuric acid, phosphoric 
acid, hypophosphoric acid and hydrobromic acid, potassium- and sodiumsulphate, 
potassiumrhodanate, potassiumchlorate, sodiumfluoride, sodiumbicarbonate, sodium- 
biborate, magnesiumsulphate, potassiumpermanganate (salts), do not impart a charge. 
