BY THE HON. W. F. TAYLOR, M.L.C. 23 



and was found to be so efficient and economical that it has since 

 been adopted in many other phices in the United States and 

 elsewhere. This system differs from every other in tlie follow- 

 in^Lf particulars : — (1) The storm or surface waters rigorously 

 excluded from the sewers ; (2) The pipes carrying the sewage 

 must be of small size, so that they shall never be less than half 

 full, and that a constant and rapid flow may exisL in them, 

 thereby preventing accumulation of solid matters and the 

 generation of gases ; (3) Automatic flushing tanks capable of 

 discharging from 120 to 150 gallons at a time, are placed at the 

 end of each line of pipe ; (4) Perfectly free access of air to the 

 sewers is provided, not only in order to ventilate them, but to 

 prevent the traps in the houses being misyphoned by the sudden 

 rush of water from tbe flushing tanks. 



Four-mch salt-glazed vitrified earthenware pipes are used 

 for the house drains and six-inch pipes for the lateral sewers. 

 The main sewer consists of pipes varying in diameter from nine 

 inches upwards, according to the quantity of sewage they will be 

 required to carry. In America these pipes are laid at a depth of 

 six feet so as to be beyond the influence of the frost ; in warmer 

 countries a much less depth, two or three feet, sufticient to 

 protect them from breakage by the street traffic. Great care 

 is exercised to have the joints close-fitting and watertight, and 

 Jihe pipes laid on a firm bed so as to avoid breakage, and especial 

 care is taken to lay the pipes to the exact grade and line. The 

 average grade of the six-inch pipes is three, six, or nine inches 

 to the hundred feet. There should be lamp-holes every three 

 hundred feet along the sewers, through which to observe their 

 action and to facilitate the cleaning out of any obstruction. The 

 lamp-holes are made by bringing a six-inch pipe from the sewer 

 up to within two feet of the surface of the ground : a lid is then 

 placed on the pipe and it is covered with earth. Manholes 

 are provided at certain points — the sewers running through the 

 bottom — and are covered with close-fitting iron covers. In 

 some cases, however, the covers are perforated so as to act as 

 ventilators — a dustpan behig placed under them. The house 

 connections are recommended to be made without any trap or 

 obstruction to the flow of air through the whole course df the 

 drain or soil pipe. 



