ANDERSON — THE BIRDS OF IOWA. 327 



Savage reports that a few stay throughout the winter in Van 

 Buren county (Iowa Orn., i, i, 1894, P- 9)- B. H. Wilson has also 

 noted a female around Rock Island Arsenal in winter, his only 

 winter record. Chas. Aldrich notes a Towhee wintering at Web- 

 ster City, enduring weather from 20° to 35°, and very tame; 

 killed by a Blue Jay on January 18 (Am. Nat., xix, 1885, pp. 

 513-14). In Winnebago and Hancock counties a few are seen in 

 spring and fall, but I have never observed the species in summer. 

 The Towhee frequen-ts thickets, underbrush, and bushy clearings, 

 where the nest is placed on the ground or in a small bush. Two 

 broods are usually reared, "the first set laid in first half of June, 

 the second, in first week' in August, Linn county" (Keyes). 

 David L. Savage found a nest in Henry county. May 17, 1893, 

 which contained three eggs of the Towhee and five eggs of the 

 Cowbird (Oologist, x, 12, 1893, 325). 



Prince Maximilian noted the species as common at various 

 points along the Missouri. At the mouth of the Little Sioux 

 River, on May 11, 1834, he writes: "An den freien Weisenplatzen 

 fanden wir iiberall den rothaiigigen Fink (Fring\ erythrophthahna) , 

 einen der gemeinsten Vogel von Nord Amerika" (Reise, i, p. 287). 



The Towhee usually arrives in the latter part of March, de- 

 parting in October. 



Genus Cardinalis Bonaparte. 



263. (593)- Cardmalis cardiiialis {l^\nv\..). Cardinal. 



The Cardinal is one of the birds which seems to be extending 

 its range northward in Iowa. W. W. Cooke states: "South of 

 latitude 41° it is stationary, while north of this parallel some re- 

 main in the winter, but most go south . . . the most northern 

 record received was from Iowa City, where one was seen April 

 17, but it may have been an escaped cage bird. In the spring of 

 1885 two Cardinals were seen in January at Morning Sun, but 

 they were not recorded during the winter of 1884-85 from any 

 other place in Iowa. They returned to Ferry, Iowa, March 29, 

 and to Denmark, Iowa, April 19. In the fall of 1885 a Cardinal 

 was taken at Iowa City October 29, being the first one captured 

 in that county that was certainly a wild bird" (Bird Migr. in 

 Miss. Val., 1884-85, pp. 215-16). Henry A. Berry reported a 

 specimen taken in a box trap at Iowa City in February, 1882 (O. 



