TRANSACTIONS OP THE SECTIONS. 183 



continually under their care and control. 3. That to carry the work efficiently into 

 operation, the director and house or family fathers should be thoroughly and 

 practically trained to the calling, and should only be employed on their evincing, 

 under a probationary test, their love for the work, and on giving proof of their in- 

 tellectual, moral, and religious capacity for the calling. 4. That, from the foregoing 

 views, it seems to follow that the erection and foundation of reformatory institutions 

 within the precincts of cities or towns will not serve the end in view of the promoters 

 with so much efficiency or ceconomy as the adoption of the family system upon 

 small farms ; and that such institutions now situated in cities or towns should be 

 gradually removed and located in districts of the country favourable in soil, situation 

 and proximity to railways. 



Remarks on two Lectures delivered at Oxford in Trinity Term, by the 

 Professor of Political Economy, on the subject of a recent Paper by 

 Mr. Newmarch, " On the Loans raised by Mr. Pitt from 1793 to 1801." 

 By William Newmarch, Ho7i. Sec. S.S. 



On the Emigration of the last Ten Years from the United Kingdom, and 

 from France and Germany. By W. Newmarch, Hon Sec. S.S. 



Five hundred thousand persons had emigrated annually during the last five years 

 from Europe to America, of which 300,000 went from England, and 200,000 from 

 central Europe. The population of Great Britain had increased 300,000 during this 

 period ; so that the entire increase of our population from natural causes had emi- 

 grated. This could not go on without materially interfering with the population 

 and position of this country, although Dr. Farr thought it could do so. There was 

 a Board of Emigration in France, somewhat similar to ours, and a decree of the 

 Emperor made regulations corresponding to our Passenger Act. The French emi- 

 grants came chiefly from the Rhine districts. Our emigration was chiefly (60 or 70 

 per cent.) from Ireland. It was nearly self-supporting. It had raised the rate of 

 wages greatly in Ireland. The reaction of this emigration was most beneficial ; not 

 only had the surplus population been removed, but a stream of money was flowing 

 back in the shape of remittances. The emigration into the United States in 1854 

 was 460,000, of whom one- half came from Great Britain and the other half from 

 central Europe. France has been but little alFected by this vast emigration. In ten 

 years (1844 to 1854) the emigration to the United States had been 3^ millions, and 

 the population of that country had increased 37 per cent., which was three times 

 the rate at which our population increased. Mr. Newmarch then referred to the 

 great prosperity of our North American colonies, and the rapid rate at which they 

 had progressed during the past ten years. In that period they had undergone 

 changes, and assumed a position fraught with importance to this country. He next 

 alluded to our Australian dependencies. The colony of New South Wales remitted 

 £1,600,000 to this country in 1853, to promote emigration thither, and the other 

 colonies had also remitted large sums for the same purpose. 



Mr. Newmarch stated that the emigration of this country employed a fleet of 1000 

 ships, with a tonnage of 800,000. These vessels sought return cargoes, often at 

 Calcutta, which had a good effect on the commerce of this country. They were the 

 finest and largest vessels we had. 



On " Equitable Villages" in America. By William Pare, F.S.S., Dublin. 



There was founded, some years since, at Long Island, in the state of New York, 

 what is called an " Equitable Village," under the distinctive title of " Modem 

 Times." Its origin is due to Josiah Warren, formerly of Cincinnati, Ohio, who 

 claims to be the discoverer of a new theory of society now sought to be reduced to 

 practice at " Modern Times" and other " Equitable Villages" in various parts of 

 the United States of North America. 



According to Mr. Warren, the following is the social problem, in all its branches, 

 which has to be solved : — 



I. The proper, legitimate, and just reward of labour. II. Security of person and 



