Malaria 85 



with the "bird malaria," due to proteosoma, he 

 found that a thread-like spore developed and made 

 its way to the salivary glands of the mosquito, and 

 demonstrated the whole life history of the bird ma- 

 laria, even to the transmission of infection by bites 

 of Culex. In 1898 also, Bignani, Bastinelli, and 

 Grassi, of Rome, for the first time succeeded in pro- 

 ducing malaria experimentally in man by bites of 

 mosquitoes. Dr. Grassi, applying Dr. Ross's theo- 

 ries, also traced out the full cycle of the human ma- 

 laria parasite. Ross's researches were confirmed and 

 amplified by Koch and Daniels, in 1898 and 1899; 

 also by Zieman, Christophers, Stephens, Manson, 

 Van der Scheer, Van Berkelon, Nuttall, Ruge, An- 

 nett, James, and others. Since then many have 

 worked with the disease and have thoroughly estab- 

 lished the fact that malaria is due to a parasite taken 

 from an infected patient by a mosquito, and that that 

 mosquito must be an Anopheles. With the proteo- 

 soma of birds, as well as with estivo-autumnal and 

 tertian fever in man, every step in the chain of de- 

 velopment has been demonstrated. Many attempts 

 have been made to transmit malaria by subcutane- 

 ous injection of dew and water from malarial regions, 

 by infection through breathing the ground air, or by 

 drinking the water from those regions, and have 

 failed. 



The experiments of Dr. Patrick Manson in London, 

 in 1900, served to confirm the theory. For these tests 

 Dr. T. Manson and Dr. R. Warren offered themselves 

 as subjects. They permitted themselves to be bitten 

 by Anopheles infected in Italy, and in eighteen 



