16 ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE 
ards are tentatively formulated, based upon the actual per- 
formance of the animals under experiment, giving in detail 
the amount of each nutrient and total nutriment required by 
animals in the production of milk of various grades. This is. 
the first work demonstrating that the nutriment required in: 
milk production depends upon the quality of the milk and that 
the cows should be fed according to the quantity and quality of 
milk yielded, and not according to the weight of the cow— 
which has been the basis of the standards in general use. 
Since economy of production depends upon the knowledge of 
the needs of the animal for its own use and for milk production, 
these findings are of great value to the practical feeder. 
Experiments in this division are bringing to light the fact 
that the feed stuffs grown on our western farms come nearer 
providing the constituents actually needed in milk production 
than had generally been supposed; that the amount of protein 
prescribed in the feeding standards is greatly in excess of the 
amount actually needed, and that by the use of the new 
standards suggested a marked saving may be made in pre- 
paring rations for dairy cows. 
Further experiments are being made to determine more 
definitely the minimum amount of protein with which a normal 
yield of milk may be obtained and still maintain the cow and 
her offspring in full vigor. 
The experiment referred to in the last report, of rearing 
dairy bred and cross bred steers, is still in progress and pro- 
mises satisfactory results. Accurate records are being kept 
on cost of rearing, gain in weight, comparative value of pro- 
duct; and as soon as definite results are obtained, the matter 
will be submitted for publication in codperation with other 
divisions. The data will also give valuable information bear- 
ing upon milk production, which cannot be fully determined 
by the employment of cows only. 
Experiments in calf rearing have been conducted for 
several years, with gratifying results as to cost and nutriment 
required through the various stages, of growth. This is an 
exceedingly difficult problem, but from-the large number that 
are still being raised in the dairy herd, calculations can be 
made which will give the information desired. 
