Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoologv 5 



flowering spurge {Euphorbia corollata), following the edges 

 of the blow-outs from near the beach almost to the dune crests. 

 The Cottonwood association is typical of rapidly moving dunes. 



The fourth association is characterized by the white pine 

 {Pinus strohus) ; here, for the first time, we find undergrowth, 

 chiefly dogwoods (Cornus spp.), the bearberry {Arctostaphy- 

 los iwa-nrsi), various species of wild roses, and a few sumacs 

 (Rhus spp.). Poison ivy is abundant, and such climbing 

 plants as the bitter sweet (Celastrns scandcns) , the \'irginia 

 creeper (Pscdcra quinqucfoUa), and various wild grapes occur 

 here. Apart from the grasses, the most important herbaceous 

 plants are the false Solomon's seals (Smilacina stellata and 

 S. racemosa). The pine association is poorly developed on 

 the Sawyer Dunes, and in fact a distinct pine-dune habitat 

 was found in only one place within our limits. In some places 

 the oak forest follows directly after the cottonwood associa- 

 tion, but more commonly there is a thin strip of dogwood and 

 sassafras between the two. 



The fifth association, characterized by the black oak (Oner- 

 cus vehitina), is by far the most extensive of all the sand- 

 dune habitats. The oak forest on the Sawyer Dunes has 

 been almost entirely cut over, so that it is now represented 

 largely by second growth ; this is very dense in many places 

 and is often thickly tangled with bitter-sweet and green brier 

 (Smilax sp.). The choke cherry {Primus virgin ia)ia) is 

 abundant throughout the black-oak association, and in the 

 deeper dune valleys there are numerous hemlocks. Small 

 openings in the woods are not uncommon, and here there are 

 abundant grasses and other herbaceous plants, together with 

 sumacs and berry bushes (Rubus spp.). The undergrowth of 

 the more open parts of the black oak forest is still suggestive 

 of xerophytic conditions, consisting principally of sumacs, 



