'90 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND. 



it was certain that during late autumn and mnter a much longer 

 period (up to 3 months) was necessary in Northern Texas. Flies 

 were found to live about 17 days (occasionally 29 days) in 

 confinement when supplied with blood as food. Similar 

 information was repubhshed by liim in 1920. 



Herms (1915) reported that in the vicinity of San 

 Francisco, Cahfornia, at a temperature of 21° to 26° C. (70° 

 to 80° Fahr.), the following periods were observed : — Egg 

 stage 2 to 5 days, average 3 days ; larval stage 14 to 26, 

 usually 15 days ; pupal stage 6 to 26, generally 10 days ; time 

 elapsing from oviposition to emergence 22 to 57 days, 

 average 28 days. Copulation was found to occur within a 

 week from emergence and egg deposition about 18 days after 

 emergence, at the temperatures stated. The longevity of 

 adults averaged 20 daj's, the maximum observed being 69 

 days. 



Hewitt (1914, p. 200) reported that (in England, pre- 

 sumably) the egg required from 24 hours to 4 days to hatch ; 

 the larva 7 to 30 days for its development ; and the pupa 

 5 to 20 days before emergence. The period from egg deposition 

 to the emergence of adults varied frorh 13 days to 10 weeks. 

 Fhes were found to live from 72 to 94 days in captivity and to 

 begin to oviposit on the 9th day after leaving the puparium. 



Xewstead (1906) found that in England, at a day tempera- 

 ture of 72° Fahr. and a night temperature of 65° Fahr., eggs 

 hatched in 2 to 3 days ^ ; the larval stages occupied 14 to 21 

 days (or even as much as 78 days when conditions were 

 unfavourable) ; the pupa 9 to 13 days ; while the period from 

 egg deposition to emergence required from 25 to 37 days, but 

 when conditions W'ere drier and the larval stage as a conse- 

 quence Avas lengthened, then the cycle occupied from 42 to 

 78 days. Howard (1912) and Hindle (1914) repubhshed 

 New^stead's figures. {See also New-stead, Dutton, and Todd, 

 1907, pp. 75-86.) 



Mitzmain (1913), w'orking in the Philippines at a w'arm 

 temperature of 30-31° C. (86°-91° Fahr.), found that the larval 

 life averaged 12 days, the pupal 5 days, while the maximum 

 period for which flies lived in captivity was found to be 72 days 

 in the case of a female and 94 for a male. 



1 Xewstead (in Xewstead, Dutton, and Todd, 1907, p. 87) states 

 that at a temperature of 64-67^ F. eggs did not hatch until the 8th day. 



