288 
over a distance of + 15 miles (24 km.) descends to + 300 feet 
(94, m:),, (lito, op. 220). 
The Valley of ten thousand Smokes. 
Het dal der tienduizend rookpluimen. 
Simplified after R. F. Griaas. 
<-- Way of the hot lahar after the author. 
Fig, 2 Scale 1 : 400.000. 
CL, =. Crater’ Lake; Heights in metres. 
KL = Katmai cold mudflow. 
Broken Mountain. 
N = Novarupta volcano. 
= Falling Mountain. 
T = Trident volcano. 
by 
S 
| 
Between Broken Hill and Trident Volcano lies the new volcano 
Novarupta which according to the terminology of Scaxesper (lit. 16, 
p. 67) must be classed with the tholoïdes*). The altitude of the 
pass between Novarupta and Trident Voleano amounts to 2600 feet 
1} Novarupta is composed of a ring of loose efflata and a central lava plug 
(tholoide) (lit. 6, fotograph p. 230). Just as at the Gunung Galunggung (Java) 
where in 1918 a tholoide: Gunung Baru (= New Mountain) originated (lit. 18) 
in the crater, also at Novarupta the tholoide is a volcanic structure in a 
crater, so that F. v. Wo rr (lit. 17, p. 491) seems to be right where he says 
that tholoides ought not to be included among the fundamental forms of 
volcanic structures. They are secondary forms in existing volcanoes. 
