314 
Hence the two types of man have undoubtedly existed side by 
side already very early. This is one of the reasons why we cannot 
consider the Neandertal Man as the ancestor of Modern Man. A 
more imperative reason is, however, the very particular specialisa- 
tion of the Neandertal Man. 
The discoveries in France and particularly Marceniin Boure’s 
masterly descriptions have furnished us with very full information 
about this species. We now know that the Neandertal Man was 
short of stature, shorter than the smallest recent races, but thick-set, 
strongly built, and very muscular. He had comparatively short legs 
and a large head, an exceedingly large face, and walked shuffling, 
with somewhat bent knees, more on the outer borders of the feet 
than modern Man; the great toe was so mobile that objects could 
be picked up from the ground even better than by many naturally 
living men of the present day. As appears from the absence of the 
neck-curvature of the spinal column (the presence of which is so 
characteristic of the species Homo sapiens), the usual attitude of the 
head was bent forward. The skull is distinguished from that of 
modern men by numerous morphological characters. It looks like flat- 
tened from above, extended lengthwise and breadthwise, with receding 
forehead, and flat chignon-shaped projecting occiput. The orbital 
arches have become enormous prominent rounded ridges, the left 
and the right forming together a torus supraorbitalis, as it is found 
in most Monkeys and in Pithecanthropus. The mastoid processes are 
very small, from which it appears that the sterno-cleido-mastoid 
muscles were rather weak as rotators of the head; they could, how- 
ever, draw the head vigorously back, assisting the dorsal muscles 
of the neck, particularly through tbeir further attachment. High 
reliefs and deep depressions of the nuchal plane of the occipital 
bone show the exceedingly powerful development of those nuchal 
muscles, which was required to carry the head, which as a rule 
was hanging heavily forward; for the face was long, and projects 
almost like a snout, and the jaws are large. The zygomatic arches 
stick far out, a feature which is accompanied with masticatory muscles 
which are directed inward, and are more adapted for grinding 
mastication. The orbits are very large, the consequently large eyes 
must have been fit for the formation of large images, as in arborial 
animals, which must see things accurately close by, and in animals, 
which need a wide field of view in steppes or deserts. The Nean- 
dertal Man found his chiefly vegetable food probably on or in the 
ground; all investigators have indeed inferred from the premature 
wear of his teeth that his food was greatly contaminated with earth ; 
