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twelve years ago, when only the upper part of the cranium, the 
calvaria, was accurately known, its shape, which really looks pithe- 
coid, and corresponding small capacity led to the erroneous conclu- 
sion that the capacity of the whole cranium should be estimated as 
very low. Remarkable enough it was assumed in this estimation 
that the lacking, or at least less closely known, lower part was built 
after the common human type, in contrast with the pithecoid upper 
part. Thus as late as 1901 ScnwarBr arrived at a much too low 
estimation of the total cranial capacity, the volume of the brain, 
which would have come to no more than 1230 cm’, although as 
early as 1898 it had been shown by me, that in Monkeys the upper 
part of the cranium constitutes a comparatively smaller, the lower 
cranium a comparatively greater part of the total cranial capacity 
than in modern Man. The capacity of the lower part of the cranium 
up to the plane through the frontal cerebral pole and the transverse 
boundary lines between the cerebrum and the cerebellum is in 
modern Man about 40°/, of the capacity of the upper part of the 
cranium, in most Apes about 60°/,, and in the very platycephalic 
large gibbon species, the Siamang, the two parts are even equal. 
And it is now a priori probable that to the flattened pithecoid upper 
cranial part of the Neandertal-Man belongs a comparatively large 
lower cranial part, as in the Apes. 
The year 1909 brought a total change in our view of the Nean- 
dertal Man, when on direct determination of the cranial capacity 
of the La Chapelle neandertalian by Bouvre, Verneav, and River 
1530 em? true capacity (1626 Broca) was found. The capacity of 
other neandertalian skulls can be calculated from the relative length, 
breadth, and height. As considerable, or not much smaller amounts 
are found, taking the comparatively small size of the body into con- 
sideration, cranial capacities which certainly are not inferior to those 
of Europeans of this time, and even exceed them. 
In 1914 also ScHwaLBE was impressed by the evidence that the 
Neandertal Man is distinguished from the modern human type by 
the comparatively much greater height of the lower cranial part, 
which he bounded by the glabella-inion plane. Thus it becomes com- 
prehensible that the total capacity of the cranium can be great in 
spite of the flattened pithecoid upper cranium, which is little volu- 
minous in comparison with the modern human type. Part of the 
brain volume has simply moved downward with regard to the said 
plane, so far as the inion has not been displaced upwards. 
It would very well be possible that, notwithstanding the large 
quantity, the quality of the brain was inferior to that of modern 
