CHROMIDIA AND THE BINUCLBARITY HYPOTHESES. 317 
dividing by a complex mitosis (e.g. in Flagellata, as I have 
elsewhere shown, ’08). 
As Schaudinn (’05) and Prowazek and Hartmann! (’07) 
have pointed out, there can be no doubt that Goldschmidt 
(04a) is in error when he describes the blepharoplast and 
nucleus of Try panosoma respectively as somatic and gametic 
nuclei. This binuclear condition must, for Goldschmidt, be a 
secondary one, independent of the real binuclearity (somato- 
gametic). And conversely, the binuclearity of Infusoria must 
appear to Hartmann and Prowazek in the same light—as a 
mere coincidence, having nothing to do with the real tropho- 
kinetic binuclearity of the cell. JI believe that neither 
trypanosome nor infusorian represents a primitive condition 
—both being results of cell differentiation, but along different 
lines. 
Schaudinn’s conceptions (’05) did not stop at a tropho- 
kinetic binuclearity. He tried to show that there co-exists in 
the trypanosome cell a sexual binuclearity. There is 
thus “a double nuclear dimorphism ” 
in these organisms. 
“The blepharoplast is chiefly male, the large nucleus chiefly 
female. The dimorphism of both nuclei is hence a sexual 
dimorphism. The indifferent ‘'rypanosoma is hermaphro- 
dite.’ In Trypanosoma the maleness and femaleness find 
expression in the katabolic nature of the kinetonucleus and 
the anabolic nature of the trophonucleus (cf. the Geddes- 
Thomson theory of sex). We thus arrive at a conception of 
the cell as an entity which is partly male and partly female— 
a conception at which embryologists (Minot, van Beneden, 
Balfour, etc.) long ago arrived. Schaudinn pointed out that 
the micronucleus of Didinium (Prandtl, ’06) must also be 
regarded as hermaphrodite ; and the same is true for Para- 
' Tt may be remarked, however, that the occurrence of forms without 
a trophonucleus in five-day cultures of Leishmania no more indicates 
the function of the blepharoplast than the occurrence of enucleate 
Amcbz (Prandtl, 07) or gregarines (Kuschakewitsch, °07) proves that 
the cell does not require a nucleus. In both cases we are probably 
dealing with degeneration phenomena. 
