PHYSIOGRAPHY OF EASTERN -_NEW GUINEA, ETC. 91 
(1) THe Craters—Four of the eraters will be 
described—(a) The South Daughter Crater, (b) the Cinder 
Cone, (¢) Matupit Islind and Harbour, (d) Vulean Island. 
(a) The older crater on the South Daughter (Plate 
III, fig. 2), known by the natives as Towurwur, is very 
similar to that at the foot of Mount Mother, and the follow- 
ing deseription will apply equally well to both :—The erater 
is breached on the harbour side by means of which there is 
an easy entry. The walls, which are steep, are built up of 
suecessive layers of yellow ash, pumice, and scoria, and in 
places covered with black cinder-ash from the cinder-cone. 
Around the margin of the floor may be seen masses of 
agglomerate, composed of blocks of hardened tuff and ash. 
The floor is covered with a smooth carpet of soft sulphur 
and ash mud. It is very hollow in sound and is probably 
not very thick. Both the floor and surrounding agglomerate 
are very hot. Numerous fumaroles are present around the 
margin. 
(b) The Cinder Cone (Plate III, fig. 3).—This erater 
is the latest in the system. It has the steep, evenly formed 
slope of tuff-cones and is built up mainly of black cinder- 
ash. The crater itself is shallow and is filled up with ash 
and stones. In the centre is a small pit, probably the site 
of the last stages of the 1878 eruption. There are numerous 
active fumaroles around the walls of the crater. 
(c) Matupit Island and Harbour (see Fig. 2 and 
Plate IIT).—Below the craters previously described, on the 
western side and forming part of the harbour, is Matupit 
Haven and Island. The coaling station which was to form 
part of the German Pacific Naval Base is situated on the 
island in a_ well-protected position. There are many 
interesting features to be observed here. The island itself 
is built up mainly of ash, ash-mud, and sand. At its 
northern end, the island was joined to the mainland by a 
causeway until the 1916 earthquake, when it subsided 
considerably. The water enclosed by the island is very 
deep and the shore-line abrupt and steep. The island slopes 
awey very gently to the south and becomes ultimately 
merely a large sandbank, slowly being built up by the 
action of currents and tides and effects of S.E. monsoons. 
Aloug its eastern side, at the foot of the South Daughter 
craters, the water of the harbour is very hot and in places 
