95 



from the destruction of stretches of living tissue, have been called 

 Inids. Tlieoreticaiij however, none of these individnais can be 

 considered as buds. In Itudding the parent remains intact, the buds 

 are generated through a local intensitied growth at the body of the 

 parent (Dekgenkr ')). The animal, on which the yonng individuals 

 grow, is now only a remnant of what it was before. The process 

 of development of the young individuals under consideration, is 

 rather to be defined as a fragmentation, as it has been termed by 

 KoRSCHKi.T and IIkider '). Small portions of the tissue of the body 

 are apt to develop into new independent individuals. That these 

 portions are not detached from the parent coral but remain fixed 

 to the skeleton does not take away from the theoretical significance 

 of separation. 



KoRSCHEiT and Heider point to the fact thai fragmentation is 

 originally not a phenomenon of itself, but the effect of processes of 

 fission or budding. 



The processes in Fungia, dealt with in this paper are undoubtedly 

 related to budding. Sometimes daugliler-iiidividnals are found on the 

 aboral surface of specimens, whose oral surface presents no anomalies. 

 These daughter individuals are true buds. They have the same 

 outward appearance and are attached to the parent-coral in the same 

 waj^ as the buds which were developed experimentally. Daughter- 

 individuals can also be developed from that part of the living tissue 

 of a mother-coral, which is contiguous to a small region of the 

 margin of which the living tissue has been destroyed. The mother- 

 coral will then remain alive, although it is slightly injured, and the 

 young individuals, derived from a portion of the living tissues, are 

 buds also in this case. 



The evidence produced shows that any part of the tissue may 

 develop into a complete animal. This, however, occurs only when 

 the interconnection between the living parts of the original animal 

 ceases to exist in consequence of destruction of part of the tissue. 



The place where the young individuals develop is very different. 

 They may arise at the top of the costae or between two costae or, 

 when they are larger, on several costae together (Fig. 1). In corals 

 that were inverted while the tissue was being destroyed, young 

 individuals may develop between the septa and in the vicinity of 

 the mouth, i.e. on the oral surface. 



') P. Deegener, Versuch zu einem System der Monogonie im Thierreiche. Zeit- 

 schrift f. Wiss. Zoölogie. Bd. 113, 1915. 



-) E. KoRSCHELT und K. Heider, Lehrbuch der vergleichenden Enlwicklungs- 

 geschichle der wirbeilosen Thiere. 1 u. 2 Aufl. Allgemeiner Theil. 4 Lief. 2 Halfte. 1910. 



