BOTANY. 35 



broad, siUciila. When the replura, which consists of two lameUte, exhibits 

 perforations, it is called fenestrate. 



Multiple, or anthocarpous fruits, are those in which the floral envelopes, 

 with the ovaries of several flowers, are united into one. Among these may 

 be mentioned the sorosls., a multiple fruit, formed by an united spike of 

 flowers which becomes succulent. Thus the pineapple is composed of 

 numerous ovaries, floral envelopes, and bracts, united into one succulent 

 mass. The synconus is an anthocarpous fruit, in Avhich the axis or ex- 

 tremity of the peduncle is hollowed, so as to bear numerous flowers, as in 

 the fig. The strobilus is a fruit-bearing spike, more or less elongated, 

 covered Avith scales, each one representing separate flowers, with two seeds 

 at the base. These scales may be thin and membraneous, as in the hop, or 

 they may be thickened, as in the pine. In the juniper they become fleshy, 

 and are so incorporated as to form a globular fruit, like a berry, sometimes 

 termed a galhulus. 



e. Of the Seed. 



The seed is the fertilized ovule arrived at maturity by the development 

 of the embryo. Seeds are usually contained in a seed vessel, or pericarp, 

 and hence called angiospermous : some few, however, are without any 

 pericarpal covering, or are gymnospermoiis, and when the covering is only 

 partial the seed is seminude. Each seed consists of several distinct ele- 

 ments, like the ovule, being composed of tiiicleus and integwnents. It is 

 only rarely that all the membranes of the ovule are visible in the seed, the 

 embryo-sac often becoming absorbed or incorporated with the cellular tissue 

 of the nucleus. More usually the seed consists of the embryo and two 

 coverings. The general covering of the seed is termed spertnoderm, con- 

 sisting of tAvo parts, an external membrane, called episperm, or testa, and 

 an internal membrane, the endopleura. When the secundine remains 

 distinct in the seed, it forms the mesoperm ; or wJien fleshy, the sarcospenn, 

 or sarcoderm. When the embryo-sac remains distinct from the neuclus in 

 the seeds, it forms a covering to which the name of vitelhis has been given. 

 Sometimes there is an additional covering to the seed, resulting from an 

 expansion of the funiculus or placenta after fertilization, and covering the 

 foramen, termed the arillus ; when the expansion proceeds from the 

 uncovered foramen, we have an arillode, as seen in the bright scarlet 

 coverings of the seeds of Euonymus. Certain cellular bodies produced on, 

 the testa at various points, and in no way connected with fertilization, are 

 known as strophioles, or caruncles. As in the ovule, the point where the 

 funiculus is attached to the seed is termed the hilnm, or mnbiliciis. The 

 foramen of the ovule becomes the m.icropyle of the seed Avith the exostome 

 and endostome ; it is to this part that the root of the embryo is directed. 

 A small process or valve which overlies the micropyle of the bean is 

 termed embryotega. The vessels from the placenta, after passing through 

 the funiculus, enter the seed either at a point of the hilum, called the 



