BOTANY. 89 



projecting process formed from the intimate covering of the nucleus ; seed 

 solitary ; embryo with a long spirally-twisted funiculus ; stems jointed ; zones 

 of wood, often separated by marked cellular circles. Examples : Gnetum, 

 Ephedra. 



Sub-order 2. Tazinecc, the Yew Tribe ; anthers usually bilocular, with 

 longitudinal dehiscence ; fertile flowers, solitary, terminal ; ovule solitary, 

 sessile in the centre of a fleshy disk, when in fruit forming a sort of drupe : 

 embryo dicotyledonous. Examples : Taxus, Torreya, Cephalotaxus, Podo- 

 carpus, Dacrydium, Phyllocladus, Gingko. North American representatives : 

 Torreya and Taxus (Taxus canadensis). 



Sub-order 3. Cupressuieoi, the Cypress Tribe. Ovules erect ; fruit an 

 indurated cone or fleshy, with the scales connected forming a galbulus ; em- 

 bryo di-, or poly-cotyledonous. Examples : Thuy<a, Taxodium. Juniperus, 

 Cupressus, Cryptomeria, Thuyopsis, Callitris, Widdringtonia. North Ame- 

 rican genera are : Thuya (T. occidentalis or arbor vitse), Cupressus (C. thyoides, 

 Avhite cedar), Taxodium (T. distichum, bald cypress), and Juniperus (J. com- 

 munis, Juniper, and J. virginiana. Red cedar). 



Sub-order 4. Ab'ietinecB, the true Pines. Fertile flowers, in cones Avith one 

 or two inverted ovules at the base of each scale ; embrj'o in the axis of fleshy 

 or oily albumen, di-, or poly-cotyledonous. 



Div. 1. DamniariecB. Scales one or many-seeded. Seeds free ; anthers 

 bi-, tri-, or multilocular. Examples : Dammara, Cunningliamia, Arthrotaxis, 

 none North American. 



Div. 2. Araucariece. Scales one-seeded, seed adnate to the scale, and not 

 separating from' it ; anthers multilocular. Examples : Araucaria, Eutassa, 

 Altingia. None North American. 



, Div. 3. AbietecB. Scales two-seeded, seeds adnate to the scale and at 

 length separating from it ; anthers bilocular. There are three prominent 

 subdivisions : a. Scales without an apophysis, leaves fasciculated. Examples : 

 Larix (leaves flat, annual) ; Cedrus (leaves tetragonal, perennial). b. 

 Scales without an apophysis, leaves solitary. Examples : Tsuga (scales 

 persistent, leaves flat) ; Picea (scales persistent, leaves tetragonal) ; Abies 

 (scales deciduous, leaves flat), c. Scales with a thickened apophysis, which 

 is either entire or dimidiate. Examples : Pinus (leaves in tAvos, threes, 

 fours, or fives). North American representatives : Larix (L. americana. 

 Tamarack), Abies (A. balsamea, balsam fir ; A. canadensis. Hemlock 

 spruce ; A. alba. White spruce ; A. nigra, Black or Double spruce, &c.) ; 

 Pinus (P. strobus, Avhite pine ; P. mitis, yelloAV pine ; P. rigida. Pitch 

 pine, (fcc). 



The Coniferag form an extensive element in the forest features of many 

 portions of the globe. Nevertheless, the diff"erent genera arc rather re- 

 stricted in their distribution. Thus Abies, Larix, Pinus, Taxus, Torreya, 

 and Cupressus, are entirely confined to the nortliern hemisphere, few in- 

 deed being found in tropical latitudes, except at considerable elcA'ations, 

 Juniperus and Thuya are quite generally distributed. Cryptomeria and 

 Thuyopsis are natives of Japan ; Callitris, Avith a single exception, of 

 Australia ; Widdringtonia is South African, and Taxodium, North 



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