90 BOTANY. 



American. Araucaria is confined to South America, Eutassa and Arthro- 

 taxis to Australia, Cunninghamia to China, Dammara to New Zealand and 

 the adjacent islands, Sciadopitys to Japan. Of the Taxinese, Taxus and 

 Torreya have already been assigned to the northern hemisphere, where they 

 are found on both continents. Cephalotaxus and Gingko belong to the eastern 

 extremity of Asia, Phyllocladus to Australia, Dacrydium to the islands of 

 Asia, and Podocarpus to various parts of the globe. 



The economical value of the Coniferae is very great. Many species furnish 

 timber of the first ([uality, as also turpentine, rosin, tar, pitch, &c. Canada 

 Balsam is the exuded and inspissated juice of Abies balsamca and fraseri, 

 known as Balsam firs. Callitris quadrivalvis supplies Sandarach or pounce : 

 Abies excelsa or Norway spruce, the Burgundy pitch or Frankincense. 

 The oil from the berries of Juniper gives the peculiar flavor to Holland 

 gin. The wood of lead pencils is derived from Juniperus bermudianus. 

 The Gopher wood of Scripture is probably the cypress of modern times 

 (Cupressus sempervirens). Many trees of this order furnish timber of extra- 

 ordinary durability. The seeds of various species form a pleasant article of 

 food. 



Taxus baccata or common European Yew (/>/. 72, fig. 10); a, a branch 

 Avith male flowers ; h, male catkin with the anterior part of the scales re- 

 moved ; c, connective covering the anther cells ; e, a branch with female 

 flowers ; /, one-flowered male catkin ; ^, the same two-flowered : A, a female 

 flower ; /, a section of the same ; /»•, single flowered female catkin ; I, the 

 flower separate ; in, branch with fruit ; n and o. fruit. 



Juniperus communis, common Juniper (European) {pi. 72, fig. 11) ; a. 

 branch with fruit ; 6, portion of a branch with male flowers ; c, do. with female 

 flowers ; d, male catkin, c. anther cells with their covering ; /, the three female 

 flowers ; g, transverse section of the carpophores ; Jt. two flowers with theii 

 carpophores, the one in vertical section ; /, section of the berry ; /t, a seed ; 

 /, vertical section of do. Pinus picea ; the stone Pine (European) ( pi. 72, 

 iig. 14) ; «, branch with male catkins ; h. a strobile ; c, carpellary scale with 

 its two seeds. 



Larix cedrus, European cedar ( pi. 72, fig. 13) ; a, branch with a male 

 catkin : b. the two anther cells ; c, extremity of a branch with a female catkin ; 

 cZ, scale with the two female flowers ; e, carpellary scale with the two seeds ; /, 

 vertical section of the seed. 



Cupressus semper\ irons, European cypress {pi. 1% fig. 12); a, branch 

 with male and female catkin ; 6, male catkins ; c, bracts with the anther fila- 

 ments ; d, female catkins ; e and /, female flowers ; g-l, various stages of 

 fruit and seeds. 



Section B. AngiosjjermcB. 



Monochlamydeous or achlamydeous plants having their seeds contained in 

 an ovary and fertilized by the action of the pollen on a stigma. It corres- 

 ponds to the Apetalous division of Endlicher's Acramphibrya. 

 90 



