BOTANY. 97 



palatable milky juice, as in the Cow-tree of Demerara (Galactodenclron utile). 

 The celebrated Bohun-upas poison of Java is obtained from Antiaris toxi- 

 caria. 



Sub-order 2. Morece, the Mulberry Tribe. Trees or shrubs, with milky or 

 Yellow juice, alternate leaves with deciduous stipules convolute in the bud, 

 and the flowers spiked on (or inclosed in) a receptacle, becoming succulent 

 in fruit. Styles or stigmas two. Seed amphitropous, with a curved embryo 

 in copious albumen. Natives of temperate and tropical regions. • The princi- 

 pal plants of this tribe are the figs and the mulberries. The common fig 

 is the fruit of Ficus carica. F. indica is the well knoAvn Banyan tree of 

 India, and F. religiosa the Pippul tree of the same country. Large quanti- 

 ties of caoutchouc are derived from F. elastica. F. sj^camorus is probably 

 the sycamore of the Scriptures. The genus Morus has numerous repre- 

 sentatives, only one of which is indigenous to the United States. This is 

 M. rubra or the red mulberry. M. nigra or the European black mul- 

 berry is the sycamine of the Bible. Morus alba or white mulberry (of 

 Avhich M. multicaulis is a variety), the favorite food of the silkworm, is 

 partly naturalized in the United States. The Paper mulberry (Broussonetia 

 papyrifera), in some favor in this country as a shade tree, is so called from 

 the fact of a kind of paper being made from the inner bark, in its native 

 country, Japan. Madura aurantiaca, the Osage Orange, or Bois d'arc of 

 the South West, is used for hedges. Fustic is obtained from Madura 

 tinctoria. 



»Sub-order 3. Ulmacece, the Elm Tribe. Rough-leaved trees or shrubs ; 

 filaments erect in aestivation ; fruit one- to two-celled, samaroid or drupaceous ; 

 seed pendulous, usually exalbuminous ; embryo straight or curved ; juice 

 watery. Natives of the northern and mountainous parts of Europe, xYsia, and 

 America. This tribe is represented in the United States by the genera Ul- 

 nius and Celtis. The slippery or red Elm is Ulmus fulva, Avell known for its 

 mucilaginous bark. Celtis crassifolia, Ilackbcrry or sugar berry, is a tree 

 which sometimes attains to a large size. 



Sub-order 4. Cannabiuea, the Hemp Tribe. Herbs with watery juice, 

 mostly opposite stipulated leaves, and dioecious flowers, thf sterile racemed 

 or panicled. Styles two. Seeds orthotropous. Embryo curved without 

 albumen. Occur chiefly in temperate regions. Examples : Humulus and 

 Cannabis. Humulus lupulus, the common Hop, is indigenous both in Eui'ope 

 and America. The hemp fibre is obtained from Cannabis sativa. A variety 

 called C. indica is used in India to produce intoxication. The Haschisch 

 of the Arabians consists of the dried tops and other tender parts of this 

 variety. 



Sub-order 5. Urticecp., the true Nettle Tribe. Rough-leaved plants, often 

 with stinging hairs, filaments elastic, and curved in iTstivation ; fruit an 

 indehiscent nut ; seed erect, albuminous ; embryo straight ; juice watery. 

 They are widely scattered over the globe, and many of them follow the 

 footsteps of man in his migrations. The principal representatives of this 

 family in the United States are Urtica, Pilea, Boehmeria, Parietaria. Many 

 species of Urtica, as U. urens or common nettle, have stinging hairs. Some 



ICONOGRAPHIC E-NCYCLOP^DIA. — VOL. 11. 7 97 



