98 BOTANY. 



species, as U. cannabina and tcnacissirua, afford excellent fibres for cordafi^c. 

 Urtica is found of great size in some countries. U. gigantea (Australia) having 

 been known to reach a diameter of from eighteen to twenty-six feet. The 

 Chinese grass cloth is the ])roduct of Bochnieria nivea. Parietaria pennsylva- 

 nica is the plant known as Pellitor}'. 



Artocari>us incisa or Bread Fruit (South Sea Islands and tropical countries 

 in general) {pi. 12, Jig, 2) : a, branch with flowers, leaves, and fruit; 6, male 

 lloAver ; c, three feuialc flowers, the central one in vertical section ; d, section 

 of female capitulum. 



Ficus carica, the Fig {pi. 12, Jig. 1); a, branch with figs ; b. vertical sec- 

 lion of the toru.s ; c, a male, d, a female flower ; e, on unripe fruit ; /, a ripe 

 I'ruit ; g, a vertical section of the seed. 



Morus nigra, black mulberry (European) {pi. 72, ßg. o) ; «, a branch with 

 fruit ; b, a male flower ; c, a female flower ; d, fruit ; e, the syconus ; /, the 

 pericarp ; g, the seed. 



Cannabis sativa, Ilcmp {pL 72, fig. 5) ; a, top of the stalk with male 

 flowers ; b, a male flower ; c, a filament ; d, transverse section of the an- 

 ther ; e, pollen grains {b-c magnified) ; /, female flower ; g, pistil magni- 

 fied ; h, female flower magnified ; ?, dried pericarp ; /•, the same magnified ; 

 I, a nut without the hull ; in, magnified ; ti, cross-section ; o, vertical 

 section. 



Humulus lupulus. the Hop {pi. 72. ßg. 4). xV, branch with male floAvers ; 

 B, branch with female catkins; C, a strobile; a, male flower; b, female 

 flower ; c-e, rachis with glands, the two lowest scales and one female flower, 

 the rest removed ; /. four female flowers ; g, ovary and pistil ; h, fruit magni- 

 fied ; i, fruit inclosed by perianth ; k-l, other states of fruit. 



Order 55. Euphorbiacei;. the Spurge Family. Flowers unisexual, 

 sometimes inclosed v.ithin an involucre. Perianth lobed, inferior, with 

 various glandular or ])etaloid, scaly, internal appendages ; sometimes the 

 flowers are naked. Male flowers : stamens definite or 00, distinct or 

 monadelphous, or polyadelphous ; anthers bilocular, sometimes with porous 

 dehiscence. Female flowers ; ovary free, sessile or stalked, one-, two-, three-, 

 or many-celled^ ovules solitary or twin, suspended ; styles equal in number 

 to the cells, distinct or combined, sometimes ; stigmas several, or one 

 with several lobes. Fruit usually tricoccous, Avith the cocci separating in 

 an elastic manner, and opening b}' two valves, or indehiscent and fleshy. 

 Seeds solitary or in pairs, suspended, often nrillate ; embryo inclosed in 

 fleshy albumen ; cotyledons flat ; radicle su)>ei-ior. Trees, shrubs, and herbs, 

 often abounding in acrid milk, with opposite or alternate, often stipulate 

 leaves, sometimes none. Some look on this order as apetalous, Avith a ten- 

 dency to develope a: corolla, Avhile others consider it polypetalous, Avith a 

 tendency to have the corolla suppressed. In European plants of the order 

 there are usually no petals present, but in those of tropical countries the 

 corolla is frequently Avell marked. In the Euphorbias of Britain there is 

 an evident involucre, surrounding a number of achlamydeous male and 

 female floAvers, which by Linnaeus were looked upon as merely stamens and 

 pistils, and hence the plants were put by him in Dodccandria in place of 

 98 



