BOTANY. 139 



America. In conclusion, we can but briefly name such plants as are 

 conspicuous for their economical qualities. Cynara cardunculus, the 

 ^ardoon ; C. scolymus, the Artichoke ; Carthamus tinctorius, Safllower. 

 Anthemis nobilis, Chamomile ; Inula helenium, Elecampane ; Artemisia 

 absinthum, Wormwood. Moxas are formed from the woolly leaves of the 

 Chinese Artemisia moxa. A. dracunculus is Tarragon ; Tanacetum vulgare, 

 Tansy ; Helianthus, Sunflower ; Cichorium intybus, Succory or Chicory ; 

 Taraxacum dens-leonis, Dandelion ; Lactuca sativa, Lettuce ; Tragopogon 

 porrifolius, Salsify or Oyster plant. 



Lactuca virosa, Poison Lettuce, Europe (pi. 64, ßg. 9) ; a, a flower ; b, 

 ditto magnified ; d, pistil ; e, achsenium ; /, ditto magnified ; g, hair of 

 pappus magnified ; h, cross-section ; and i, longitudinal ditto of achaenium. 



Carthamus tinctorius, Saflflower, East Indies (pi. 64:, ßg. 11); a, upper 

 part ; h, sepal from the interior ; c, an inner involucral leaf ; d, a flower ; e, 

 the anthers separated ; f, a pappus hair magnified ; g, achaenium without 

 the pappus. 



Cynara scolymus, the Artichoke, Europe (pi. 64, ßg. 10); a, a flower; 

 b, the fruit without pappus. 



Serratula tinctoria (pi. 64, ßg. 12) ; A, the upper, B, the lower part of 

 the plant ; a, involucral scale ; b, hermaphrodite flower ; c, stigma ; d, 

 achaenium ; e, cross-section of ditto ; h, a female flower. 



Tanacetum vulgare. Tansy, Europe (pi. 64, fig. 13) ; a, involucral scale ; 

 b, anthers ; c, ray, and d, disk flowers ; e, pistil ; f, achaenium ; g, cross- 

 section of ditto. 



Artemisia absinthum, Wormwood, Europe (pi. 65, ßg. 1) ; a, a lower 

 leaf; ft, flowering branch; c, receptacle with a disk and ray flower still 

 standing; d, ray flower; e, disk flower;/, stigma; g, achaenium; //., ditto 

 in cross-section. 



Order 117. Calycerace^e, the Calycera Family. Calyx superior, with a 

 limb of five unequal segments. Corolla regular, infundibuliJbrm, with a 

 long, slender tube, and a five-lobed limb, the lobes having each three 

 principal veins. Stamens five, attached to the tube of the corolla, with as 

 many alternating glands below them ; filaments monadelphous ; anthers 

 partially united. Ovary inferior, one-celled ; ovule solitary, pendulous ; 

 style single, smooth ; stigma capitate. Fruit an achaenium, crowned by the 

 rigid spiny segments of the calyx, sometimes covered with papillae, which 

 emit spiral tubes when placed in w^ater. Seed solitary, pendulous ; embryo 

 in the axis of fleshy albumen ; radicle superior. Herbaceous plants, with 

 alternate, exstipulate leaves, and sessile capitate flowers, surrounded by an 

 involucre. They inhabit South America. Their properties are unknown. 

 There are five known genera, according to Lindley, and ten species. 

 Examples : Calycera, Boopis. 



Order 118. Dipsace^e, the Teazel Family. Calyx superior, with an 

 entire or toothed, or pappose limb. Corolla gamopetalous, tubular, inserted 

 on the calycine tube, with an oblique four- or five-lobed limb ; aestivation 

 imbricated. Stamens four, attached to the tube of the corolla, and alternate 

 with its lobes ; anthers dithecal, distinct. Ovary cohering with the tube of 



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