140 BOTANY. 



the calyx, either closely or only at the apex, unilocular ; ovule solitary, 

 pendulous, anatropal ; style filiform ; stigma simple. Fruit dry, indehiscent, 

 crowned by the limb of the calyx, covered by an epicalyx, or involucellum, 

 one-celled. Seed solitary, pendulous, albuminous ; embryo straight ; radicle 

 superior. Herbs or undershrubs, with opposite or verticillate leaves, and 

 capitate or verticillate flowers, surrounded by a many-leaved involucre. 

 They are found in the south of Europe, the Levant, and at the Cape of 

 Good Hope. None in North America. The properties of the order are 

 unimportant. The heads of Dipsacus fuUonum, Fuller's Teazel, on account 

 of their spiny bracts, are used in dressing cloth. Lindley mentions six 

 genera, including one hundred and fifty species. Examples : Morina, 

 Scabiosa, Dipsacus. 



Dipsacus fullonum, the Teazel, Europe {pi. 65, fig. 2) : a, a flowering 

 branch ; h, vertical section of the head ; c, a flower ; d, ditto opened ; e, 

 stigma ; /, achaenium ; g and h, sections of ditto. 



Order 119. VALERiANACEiE, the Valerian Family. Calyx superior, its 

 limb being either membranous or pappose. Corolla gamopetalous, inserted 

 into the top of the ovary, tubular, three-, four-, to five-lobed, sometimes 

 gibbous or spurred at the base. Stamens one to five, adherent to the 

 corolla and alternate with its lobes. Ovary inferior, one- to three-celled ; 

 ovule solitary, pendulous, style filiform ; stigmas one to three. Fruit dry, 

 indehiscent, crowned with the limb of the calyx, one-celled, in consequence 

 of two cells being abortive. Seed solitary, pendulous, exalbuminous ; 

 embryo straight ; radicle superior. Herbs, with opposite, exstipulate leaves, 

 and cymose inflorescence. They are found in temperate climates. Lindley 

 gives twelve genera, and 185 species. 



The only North American genera are Valeriana, Plectritis, and Fedia. 

 The root of Valeriana officinalis furnishes the medicinal valerian ; this 

 substance produces a species of intoxication in cats. Nardostachys 

 jatamansi is the nardos or spikenard of the ancients. 



Order 120. RußiACEiE, the Madder and Cinchona Family. Tube of the 

 calyx adherent to the ovary, rarely partly, or almost completely free ; the 

 limb mostly four- to five-cleft or toothed, sometimes obsolete. Corolla 

 inserted upon the summit of the calyx-tube, composed of as many united 

 petals as there are lobes of the calyx, valvate, imbricate, or somewhat 

 contorted in aestivations. Stamens inserted into the tube of the corolla, 

 equal in number and alternate with its lobes (or very rarely fewer) ; anthers 

 introrse. Ovary two- (rarely three-, several-) celled, with one, or many 

 ovules in each cell ; style single or partly divided ; stigmas distinct or 

 concrete. Fruit capsular, drupaceous, baccate, or separated into indehiscent 

 carpels. Seeds anatropous or amphitropous, solitary, few, or numerous in 

 each cell. Embryo straight or slightly curved, in the axis or at the 

 extremity of copious densely fleshy or horny albumen. Trees, shrubs, or 

 herbs, with opposite, or rarely verticillate, entire leaves. Stipules between 

 the petioles, sometimes simulating the leaves. Flowers regular. Inflorescence 

 various. 



SuB-oRDER 1. CoFFEACEiE. Cclls onc- to two-secdcd. 

 140 



