162 BOTANY. 



compound, alternate, stipulate leaves, and the flowers sometimes unisexual. 

 They are found chiefly in the cold and temperate climates of the northern 

 liemisphere. Some are found on high mountains within the tropics, and a 

 few occur in warm regions. 



Sub-order 1. Pomece. Calyx campanulate or urceolate, more or less 

 globose in fruit, when it becomes extremely thick ^nd juicy, including and 

 cohering with the ovaries. Ovaries two to Ave, or sometimes solitary, 

 mostly coherent with each other, with two collateral ascending ovules ; 

 styles terminal, sometimes coherent ; stigma simple or emarginate. Fruit a 

 pome one- to five-celled ; the cells sometimes spuriously divided by the 

 inflexion of the dorsal suture. Seeds one to two in each carpel (many in 

 Oydonia). Trees or shrubs (confined to temperate climates), with simple 

 or sometimes pinnate leaves, which, except in Cotoneaster, do not contain 

 iiydrocyanic acid. Fruit usually eatable. Examples : "'^'Pyrus, Cydonia, 

 *Amelancliier, -Crataegus, *Photinia, *Peraphyllum, etc. This sub-order 

 includes some of our most important fruit, as the apple, the pear, &c. 

 All the cultivated varieties of apple are derived from Pyrus malus, 

 those of the pear from P. communis. The principal North American 

 species is P. coronaria, the wild crab apple, a small tree with very fragrant 

 flowers. The diÖBrent thorns mostly belong to Crattegus, of which North 

 America has seventeen species. The Service or June berry, Amelanchier 

 canadensis, blooms early in spring before the leaves put out, and at a 

 distance looks like a mass of snow. Cydonia vulgaris, the Quince, was 

 originally a native of Crete. 



Sab-order 2. Rosacece proper. T7'ibe 1. Rosea. Calyx urceolate; the 

 tube contracted at the mouth, at length fleshy or baccate, including the 

 numerous distinct ovaries : the segments somewhat spirally imbricated 

 in aestivation. Carpels (achaenia) one-seeded and indehiscent, crustaceous, 

 hairy, with two suspended ovules, one above the other, inserted on the 

 whole inner surface of the thickened torus or disk which lines the tube of 

 the calyx ; styles terminal or nearly so, somewhat exserted, distinct, or 

 connate above, rather persistent. Shrubby and pricl-dy plants, with pinnate 

 leaves, rarely reduced to a single leaflet, and mostly adnate stipules. 

 Examples : *Rosa, Hultemia, Lowea. The principal genus in this sub-order 

 is Rosa, which includes the various species of Rose. Of the genus there 

 are eleven species and upwards, native to North America. Tiie varieties 

 of Scotch roses are derived from R. spinosissima ; those of the dog-rose 

 from R. canina The cabbage rose, R. centifolia, with its varieties, R. 

 damascena, the Damask rose, R. moschata, the musk-rose, &c., are used in 

 the preparation of Rose water and Otto of Roses. It is said that 100,000 

 roses, the produce of 10,000 bushels of Rosa damascena, yield but 180 

 grains of the attar or otto. 



Tribe 2. Neureadece.. Calyx united to the carpels, the tube short, the 

 limb divided into five lobes. Petals five. Stamens twice this number. 

 Ten carpels coherent with the calyx, each containing suspended, an ovule ; 

 surrounded by five to ten styles ; separating at maturity by their anterior 

 face, which opens by the cori*esponding suture, remaining attached by the 

 162 



