BOTANY. 187 



tubular, five-lobed, unequal, naked, persistent, and afterwards enlarged, with 

 an imbricated sestivation. Petals hypog^nous, sessile, often combined at 

 the base, with a twisted aestivation. Stamens indefinite, hypogynous : 

 filaments dilated at the base, either distinct or irregularly cohering; anthers 

 innate, bilocular, subulate, openhig by terminal fissures. Torus not enlarged 

 in a disk-like manner. Ovary superior, three-celled ; ovules in pairs, 

 pendulous ; style and stigma simple. Fruit coriaceous, unilocular by 

 abortion, three-valved or indehiscent, surrounded by the calyx, which is 

 prolonged in the form of long wing-like lobes. Seed solitary, exalbuminous; 

 cotyledons often twisted and crumpled; radicle superior. Trees with 

 alternate leaves, having an involute vernation, and deciduous convolute 

 stipules. They are found in India, There are about eight known 

 genera, including forty-eight species. Examples : Dipterocarpus, Yateria, 

 Dryobalanops. 



Okdeb 193. TiLiACE^, the Linden Family. Sepals four to five, with a 

 valvate aestivation. Petals four to five, entire, rarely wanting. Stamens 

 hypogynous, free, or united by the enlarged border of the stalk of the pistil, 

 usually Co ; anthers two-celled, dehiscing longitudinally or by pores, 

 occasionally some abortive. Disk often large and glandular. Ovary 

 solitary, formed by the union of two to ten carpels ; style one ; stigmas as 

 many as the carpels. Fruit dry or pulpy, either multilocular with numerous 

 seeds, or by abortion unilocular and one-seeded. Seeds anatropal ; embryo 

 erect in the axis of fleshy albumen, with flat, leafy cotyledons. Trees or 

 shrubs, rarely herbaceous plants, with alternate stipulate leaves. They are 

 found chiefly in tropical regions, only a small number inhabiting northern 

 countries. The order has been divided into two sections : 1. Tilieae, with 

 entire petals or 0, and anthers dehiscing longitudinally. 2. Elaeocarpese, 

 with lacerated petals, and anthers opening at the apex. Lindley enumerates 

 thirty-five genera, including 350 species. Examples : *Tilia, *Corchorus, 

 Grew^ia, Aristotelia, Ela^ocarpus. Five species of the two first-named genera 

 are the North American representatives. Species of Tilia are known as 

 Linden or Lime trees. Russian mats are made from the inner bark of the 

 Tilia europaea. 



Tilia grandiflora, Lime tree or Linden {^pl. %'i^ßg. 6); «-A. 



Order 194. ByiTNEBiACEJS, the Chocolate Family. Calyx four- to five- 

 lobed, valvate in aestivation. Petals four to five or 0, often elongated at the 

 apex, with a twisted or induplicate aestivation. Stamens hypogynous, 

 either equal in number to the petals, or some multiple of them, more or less 

 monadelphous, some of them sterile ; anthers bilocular, introrse. Ovary 

 free, composed usually of four to ten carpels arranged round a central 

 column ; styles terminal, as many as the carpels, free or united ; ovules two 

 in each loculament. Fruit capsular, either with loculicidal dehiscence, or 

 the carpels separating from each other. Seeds anatropal, often winged ; 

 embryo straight or curved, lying usually in fieshy albumen ; cotyledons 

 either plaited or rolled up spirally. Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs, with 

 alternate leaves, having either deciduous stipules or 0, and stellate or forked 

 hairs. They abound in tropical climates. Lindley enumerates forty-five 



187 



