BOTANY. 



197 



into two valves, septum elliptical, cells many-seeded. Example : Subularia. 

 Tribe 21. Heliophilem. Siliciila elongated or oval, separating into two 

 plane valves ; septum straiglit or oval, cells many-seeded. Example : 

 Heliopliila. 



The entire order includes about 173 genera, with 1600 species. Of these 

 40 genera and 240 species are North American. There are no truly 

 poisonous plants in the order, the characteristics lying in the possession of 

 anti-scorbutic and stimulant properties, with some acridity. Brassica 

 oleracea is the stock from which all the varieties of cabbage are derived. 

 B. rapa is the common turnip ; B. campestris, the Swedish turnip. Sea- 

 kale is Crambe maritima. The seeds of Sinapis nigra furnish table mustard ; 

 and of S. alba, white mustard. The Horse-radish is Cochlearia (Armoracia) 

 rustica ; Isatis tinctoria furnishes Woad ; I. indigotica, Chinese Indigo. 

 The Radish and Cress also belong here. 



Sinapis alba. White Mustard {pi. ^'^^ fig. 11) ; «, J, leaf, flowers, and 

 fruit ; c, sexual apparatus ; d., siliqua ; g, ditto opened ; /*, ^, seed. 



Order 210. Fumariace^, the Fumitory Family. Sepals two, deciduous. 

 Petals four, cruciate ; one or both of the two outer gibbous at the base, the 

 two inner cohering at the apex. Stamens hypogynous, usually six, 

 diadelphous ; anther of middle stamen of each parcel bilocular, outer ones 

 unilocular. Ovary free, one-celled ; style filiform ; stigma with two or 

 more points ; ovules amphitropal. Fruit either an achsenium, or a two- 

 valved, two-seeded capsule, or a many-seeded siliqua. Seeds crested ; 

 albumen fleshy ; embryo minute, excentric. Herbaceous plants, with a 

 watery juice, and alternate, multifid leaves. Although at the» first sight 

 very unlike the Poppy famil}', the Fumitories resemble this order in their 

 deciduous sepals, in their seeds, and in many cases in their fruit. The two 

 outer unilocular stamens of each parcel may be considered as forming one 

 perfect stamen, thus making the whole number four. Tliey are found 

 chiefly in northern temperate latitudes. They are said to be bitter and 

 diaphoretic in their properties. Lindley notices 15 genera, including 110 

 species. North America has four genera and twelve species. Tnhe 1. 

 Corydalem. Fruit siliquose, dehiscent, many-seeded. Examples : *Dielytra, 

 *Adlumia, *Corydalis. Tribe 2. FumariecB. Fruit siliculose, indehiscent, 

 many-seeded. Example: Fumaria. 



Adlumia cirrhosa is the Alleghany vine of American gardens. Species 

 of Dielytra are vulgarly known as Dutchman's Breeches. 



Order 210. Papaveracej«:, the Poppy Family. Sepals two, deciduous. 

 Petals hypogynous, usually four, cruciate, sometimes a multiple of four, 

 regular, rarely wanting. Stamens hypogynous, usually 00, sometimes a 

 multiple of four ; anthers dithecal, innate. Ovary solitary ; style short or 

 none ; stigmas two, or many and radicating ; ovules 00, anatropal. Fruit 

 unilocular, either siliquaeform with two, or capsular with several parietal 

 placentas. Seeds numerous ; albumen between fleshy and oily ; embryo 

 minute, at the base of the albumen, with plano-convex cotyledons. Herbs 

 or shrubs, usually with milky or colored juice, having alternate exstipulate 

 leaves, and long one-flowered peduncles. The plants belonging to this 



197 



