INTRODUCTION. 3 



medicine, suffering much from destitution during the period of his studies. 

 In 1732 the University of Upsal sent him upon his celebrated Laphmd 

 tour. After this he taught mineralogy, and in 1735 took his medical 

 degree, 



Llnn^us, whose great mind embraced the three kingdoms of nature, 

 established the artificial method ; since he indicated and arranged animals, 

 plants, and minerals, by means of a few characteristics, enabling every 

 naturalist to find a special name for each animal — a method which should 

 as much as possible serve as a complete catalogue, convenient for ascer- 

 taining the names of known species, or of intercalating such as might be 

 imknown. His classification is briefly as follows : 



1. Animals whose heart has two ventricles and two auricles ; blood warm 



and red. 

 Viviparous. Mammalia. Oviparous. Aves (Birds). 



2. Animals whose heart has one ventricle and one auricle ; blood cold 



and red. 



With lungs. Amphibia (Reptiles). With gills. Pisces (Fishes). 



2. Animals with one ventricle and no auricle ; blood cold and yellowish. 

 With antennae. Insecta (Insects). With tentacles. Yeemes 

 (Worms). 



The Linnaean Yermes included Intestina, Mollusca (not those of later 

 authors), Testacea, Zoophyta, and Infusoria. 



The impulse which Linnaeus gave to the study of nature resulted in large 

 collections formed in exotic regions chiefly by his disciples, among whom 

 were Thunberg, Forskol, Spaarman, TIasselquist, and Osbeck ; and as these 

 collections contained many species which could not be pi'operly arranged 

 according to his system, the want of a more natural one was soon felt, and 

 this was finally supplied by the immortal Cuvier, who laid the foundation of 

 a natural classification in a deep study of the entire structure of the animal 

 frame ; showing, for example, how the characters of an unknown fossil 

 animal might be determined from a few bones. 



CuviEB was born in 1769, at Montbcillard, on the Alaine, in France, then 

 ])elonging to the house of Wiirtemberg ; and died in 1832, aged sixty-three, 

 ^llie national museum at Paris, the first in Europe, was the chief scene of 

 liis triumphs. He divides animals into Vertebrata and Invertebeata, 

 separating the first into Mammalia or beasts ; Aves or birds ; Reptilia or 

 reptiles ; and Pisces or fishes. Tlie Invertebrata he separates into Mollusca 

 or shellfish ; Articxdata or insects, &c. ; and Radiata^ including starfisli 

 and some heterogeneous materials. 



The most recent mode of determining the relative station of animals, is 

 that employed by Agassiz, founded upon the development of the young from 

 the ovum ; a mode which, in the hands of this distinguished professor, has 

 in some cases furnished more certain results than the consideration even of 

 the nervous system. 



Zoology is distinguished as general and special. Tlie former compares 

 the internal and external structure of animals, not only to understand the 

 plienomena of animal growth and life, but also to unravel the laws 



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