166 ZOOLOGY. 



The body is flattened and robust. The antenna^ are short, the posterior 

 feet saltatorial, the tarsi trinierous, the abdomen has two very short 

 appendages, and that of the female is without a prominent ovipositor. 

 These insects produce a stridulation by rubbing their hinder thighs against 

 tlie wing-covers, and the large common species of the United States 

 (CEdipoda carolma)^ which is found in dry places, such as dusty roads, may 

 be seen hovering a yard or two above the ground over a single spot, the 

 wings then producing a fluttering sound which is not heard in its ordinary 

 flight. This species is l)rown, with the wings black, margined with yellow. 



Ad'idnwi cristatum {fig. 81), (Edlpoda stridula {fig. 78), 0. cmrulescens 

 {fig. 79), O. m'tgratorm {fig. 80). Tlie last is two inches long, and inhabits 

 central, southei'n, and eastern Europe, where it occasionally commits great 

 ]-avages upon the vegetation. Various species are abundantly distributed, 

 over various parts of the world. 



(Jkder (». Xeukopteka {j}J. 79, figs. 54-76). This is a somewhat irregular 

 mandibulate order, the characters presented by it being varied, and on this 

 account various modifications have been proposed fnr it. In the LibelluUdw, 

 the trophi make an approximation to those of the Orthoptera, to which the 

 order has l)een united by Erichson, whilst Kirby separates the Trichopfera 

 as a distinct order. Tlie antennae are generally setaceous and short. The 

 four wings have usually reticulate nervures ; they are generally of equal size 

 und consistence, and the posterior pair is not generally folded. The pupa 

 is sometimes active and sometimes quiescent. The larvte are hexapod, 

 mostly predaceoas, and they are either terrestrial or aquatic. 



Blanchard divides the order into nine tribes, named after the genera 

 Ter?)ies, Emhia., Psocus, Perla, Ephemera., Lihellula., Myrmeleon.^ Raphidia., 

 and Phryganea^ the last belonging to one section, and all the rest to 

 another. Westwood (who considers the Tricltoptera to be a distifict order) 

 adopts the following arrangement : 1., Termitidce i ^.^Psocidm; Z.,Perlid(B; 

 4, Ephemeridm ; 5, Lihellulldce ; C, Mynneleonidm ; 7, Ilemerolnidm ; 8, 

 Slalidce; 9, Panorpidce ; 10, RapTiidiidcE ; 11, Mantispidce. 



The TJirlpsidcu {pi. 80, fig. 51) form a group of small extent, which 

 Ihirmeister includes in his great order Gyranognatha. The sj^ecies 

 are minute and linear, with four narrow and equal wings, deprived of 

 nervures, strongly fringed with long liaii'S, and not folded. The mouth is 

 mandibulate, the tarsi dimerous and ending in a vesicle, as in some of the 

 lower AraGhnida. They are considered hurtful to plants, and it is probable 

 that an American species attacks the human skin, causing an itching like 

 fhat of Simuliwm. The pupjE are active, and their afiinities are with the 

 Weuroptera. There are various species in Europe and America. They 

 form Haliday's order Thyscuioptera^ and include a number of genera. 



The Tcrmitidce include the genus Termes {pi. 79, fig. 56, «, J, <?, d) or 

 white ant, which presents many curious features in its economy. The body 

 is white and oblong, the antennie short and moniliform, the eyes lateral, 

 the stemmata two in number, and the mouth mandibulate, resembling 

 that of the OrihopUra in having a galea ; and the tarsi are four-articulate. 

 They live together in societies composed of various kinds of indiWduals. 

 370 



