ARTICULATA. 181 



113), Miselia oxycanthcB {fig. 109), Plusia triplasia {fig. 110), P. gamma 

 {fig. 118), Xilina exoleta {fig. 114), Cucullia umhratica {fig. 115), C. 

 verbasci {fig. 116), Phlogophora meticulosa {fig. 117), Tnphmna pronuha 

 {fi^g. lid)., Catocala fraxini {ßg.l20), C. pacta {fig. 121), C. sponsa {fig. 

 122), C.paranympha {fig. 123), Scoliopteryx lihatrix {fig. 129), one of the 

 few species found in America as well as in Europe ; Episema coeruleo- 

 cephala {fig. 136). 



Fam. 7. Bombycidce {pi. 79, figs. 130-135, 137-151 ; pi. SO, figs. ,4-7). 

 This is the family of the silkworms, which contains some of the largest 

 and handsomest species of nocturnal butterflies. The mouth is in most 

 cases rudimentary, the wings in repose are either horizontal or deflexed, and 

 the antennas bi-pectinate in the males. The larvse have sixteen feet ; they 

 feed upon leaves, and spin a silken cocoon out of a single thread, with the 

 aid of a gummy matter, which soon hardens. Several species are reared for 

 the silk, and this valuable material might be furnished in greater quantity, 

 were it not that in some cases warm water will not dissolve the gum of the 

 cocoon as it does in Bombyx mori {pi. 7%, fig. 149), and in others the silk 

 is so intermixed with leaves, and wrapped about branches, that there is a 

 difficulty in unwinding it. Some of the larvae are gregarious, living together 

 in large numbers, spinning webs upon trees, and often destroying vegetation. 

 Some of the large members of this family, as the Chinese Hyalophora atlas, 

 have a bare space in the wings which is as transparent as mica. In others 

 this is replaced by colored spots. 



Cossus ligniperda {pi. 79, fig. 135), is three inches or more in the expanse 

 of the wings ; its color is whitish varied with brown, and streaked with black. 

 The larva burrows in the living wood of willows, poplars, and ash, feeding 

 upon the chips which it separates with its powerful jaws. It grows three 

 years in the larva state, when it becomes a pupa in one of its galleries^ in a 

 cocoon made of silk mixed with fragments of wood. 



Clisiocampa castrensis {pi. 79, fig. 146), C.neustria {fig. 147), Eriogaster 

 lanestris {fig. 150), Poecilocampa populi {fig. 140), Lasiocampa ruhi {fig. 

 151), JVbfodonta camelina {fig. 130), If. ziczao {fig. 134), Cenira vinula 

 {fig. 148), Orgya antiqua {fig. 133), 0. fascilena {fix). 137), Liparis 

 cJirysorhcea {fig. 141), L. dispar {fi^g. 142), Pygmra hucephala {jig. 128), 

 Clostera curtula {fig. 138), Demas coryli {fig. 139). 



Lasiocampa quercus {pi. SO, fig. 1), Dendrolimus pini {fig. 2), Odonestis 

 potatoria {fig. 3), Gastropacha querdfolia {fig. 5), Aglia tau {fig. 6), 

 Nagelfiechnussl/rauchrothhuchenspinner. 



Fam. 8. Arctiidm. This family is named Chelonides by Boisduval, and 

 is recognised by the spotted abdomen, and the bright colors of the wings, 

 particularly the inferior ones. Westwood places Notodonta and its allies in 

 this family, whilst Boisduval and Stephens place them in a distinct one. 

 The genus Arctia, as given here, admits of a division into various sub- 

 genera. 



Callim^rpha jacoboece {pi. 79, fig. 124), Arctia fuUgino8a{fi^. 125), A. 

 nnatronula {fig. 126), A. dominula {fig. 127), A. pmpurea {fig. 131), A. 

 Ivhridpeda {fig. 132), A. Tiera {fi^. 143), A. caja {fi^. 144). 



ICONOGRAPHIG ENCYCLOPEDIA. VOL. II. 25 885 



