184 ZOOLOGY. 



species. It is well represented in the United States, where it includes the 

 large diurnal species. One of the most common is Papilio turnus^ which 

 is yellow, ornamented with black stripes, like^?. 80,^^. 48. The posterior 

 edge of each posterior wing has a spatulate projection. 



The group to which Hesperia {H. malvarum^ pi. 80, fig. 22) belongs, 

 sometimes have a small hook at the end of the knob of the antennae, and 

 the discoidal cell of the inferior wing is open. Thej fly about with a 

 succession of jerks, and when they sit, the lower wings are held in a 

 horizontal position. The larvae are smooth, with a large head. That of 

 Eudamus tityrus is green with the head rufous. It feeds upon the leaves 

 of Robinia. 



Lyodena hippotJio'e {pi. 80, fig. 23), Polyommiatus m-giolus {fig. 24). P. 

 argus {ßg.25), Thecla quercus {fig. 27), T. pnmi {fig. 28), T. hefiuloe {fig. 

 29), These insects (the Lyccenickß of Leach) are small and slightly made, 

 with delicate marks and spots, the colors pale beneath and dark above, as 

 brown in Thecla, coppery in Lycsena, and blue in Polyommatus. 



Argynnis paphia {pi. SO, fig. 30), A. aglaia {fig. 31), Vanessa c-alhum 

 {fig. 32), V. atalanta {fig. 33), V. urticw {fig. 34), V. antiopa {fig. 35), Y. 

 cardui {fi,g. 38), Y. orithia {fig. 41), Y. io {fig. 42), Apatura iris {fig. 37), 

 JTipparchia semele {fig. 39), H. galathea {fig. 40), H. painphilus {fig. 43). 

 These constitute a group, considered a family (Nymphalidse) by some. 

 They are finely ornamented, and the inferior surface is often marked with 

 eye-like circles and silvery spots. The anterior feet are rudimentary. 



Gonepteryx rhamni {pi. 80, fig. 44), Colias hyale {fig. 45), Pontia 

 Gardamines {fig. 46), belong to Westwood's sub-family Pierides. 



Dorites apollo {pi. SO, fig. 47), Papilio podalirius {fig. 48), P. machaon 

 {fig. 49), P. cenetis {fig. 50), are typical members of the family. 



Oeder 9. ÜEmPTER.v {pi. 80, figs. 52-77). This order is distinguished 

 by the compound rostrum formed for piercing and sucking, and of which 

 the lower lip incloses the mandibles and maxillae, which are in the form of 

 bristles. Tliese insects live upon vegetable and animal juices, those which 

 feed upon the former being the most numerous. The Linnaean name 

 JTemiptera indicates a character which some members of the order possess, 

 namely, a thickening of the basal portion of the anterior wings, whilst the 

 remaining part is thin and transparent. Fabricius and Burmeister reject 

 this name as inapplicable, and apply one (Rhynchota) founded upon the 

 character of the mouth. The larva and pupa are active and take food at 

 all times, so that the metamorphosis is not complete. 



This order is divisible into two sections, according as the wings are of a 

 uniform or varied texture ; and this slight distinction has been taken as a 

 sufficient basis to form these sections into orders named Homopt&ra and 

 Heteroptera. 



Blanchard divides the order into eight "tribes," of which the four first are 

 'homopterous and the four last are heteropterous, as follows : Cocciniens, 

 ApMdiens, Fulgoriens, Cicadiens, Nepiens, Reduviens, L/ygeens, Scutel- 

 leriens. 



388 



