180 ZOOLOGY. 



and Honduras. It is probable that it would flourish in the southern United 

 States wherever the species of cactus suitable for its food are found. 

 Humboldt calculated the annual amount of cochineal imported into Europe 

 to be 800,000 pounds, and it requires about 70,000 insects to make a 

 pound. Lac (or shell lac), which is used in making sealing-wax, varnishes, 

 &c., is the product of a coccus. Manna has a similar origin ; and a white 

 wax is collected from another species. Lecaniimi {figs. 52, 53), Dmihesia 

 {fig. 56), and Chennes {fig. 58), belong to this family. 



Fam. 2. Aplddcß {figs. 57, 59). The plant lice, like the preceding 

 family, are small insects which infest the tender shoots of vegetables, and 

 by their numbers sometimes cause great damage. The body is robust, the 

 head small, the antenna; seven articulate, the feet slender, the wings trans- 

 parent, with few nervures, and the abdomen is sometimes provided with 

 two tubular stylets connected with glands bearing a saccharine liquid, upon 

 which the newly excluded young are said to feed, and which is eagerly 

 sought by ants. The Aphides are generally without wings, although they 

 are anomalous in sometimes having: and sometimes beinff without them in 

 the same species. The apterous individuals are generally females. The 

 pupte are active, and can be distinguished by their incipient wings, unless 

 they are to produce wingless individuals. A single impregnation will 

 fecundate several generations, the ofispring being females which are capable 

 of continuing the race. Kyber thus continued a species for four years, 

 and Bonnet raised nine generations in three months. In some cases eggs 

 are produced, and in others living young, and of these about ninety are 

 produced at a time. 



Fam. 3. Psyllidce {fig. 55). A small family allied to the Aphides, but 

 they are more active. They have ten articulate antennae, the females 

 have an ovipositor, and the male several abdominal appendages. 

 . Fain. 4. Cercopidie. This is an extensive and widely spread family of 

 small and handsome insects, which suck the juices of plants, and are found 

 abundantly in grass and low vegetation. The antennae are tri-articulate, 

 the stemmata two, the feet slender and adapted for leaping. The larva of 

 Aphrophora {fi^. 7-1) pierces small branches, and causes the sap to exude, 

 which forms a mass of bubbles like spittle, under which the larva is hidden. 



Fata. 5. Memhracidcc. This family is closely allied to the preceding 

 one in natural characters and habits, and is united with it by some 

 authors. The jironotum is dilated so as to cover the posterior part of the 

 body entirely or in part, forming a conspicuous object, and giving to some 

 of these insects a very strange appearance. 



Farn 6. Fidgoridce. This family is remarkable for the large projecting 

 head, bright colors, and large size of some species. The Chinese Fulgora 

 candelaria {fig. 76) is yellow, and the elytra black, marked with flavous 

 spots. F. latemaria {fig. 77) inhabits South America. 



Famfi.'J. Cicadidce. This family is named from the genus Cicada {C. 

 fraxcini., pi. 80, fig. 75), which has attracted attention from a remote 

 period on account of the noise of the male. This sound differs consi- 

 derably in the different species, that of C. pn^uitiosa.^ Say, for example, 



