274 ZOOLOGY. 



F(im. 2. ChalcididcB. This family, "witli a stiiking resemblance in external 

 form to some members of the last, is readily distinguisliable, as already re- 

 marked, by the different disposition of the scales, or the markings of the skin, 

 and by the lateral furroAv found in many species. We find some species 

 provided with four legs, others Avith but two ; while another series, again, is 

 entirely serpentiform in appearance, owing to the absence of these members 

 exterior to the skin. There is rarely any constriction posterior to the head, 

 ansAvering to a neck, the body and head being usually continuous. The scales, 

 instead of being imbricated or arranged like those of most fishes, are disposed 

 in Avhorls or rings inclosing the body. In other cases, where the scales 

 (photides) are absent, furrows in the indurated skin present similar markings. 

 The dorsal and ventral scales, like those of the Scinckhe, and unlike Avhat we 

 shall find to be the case in the Lacertldcc, are arranged much in the same 

 manner, and are of no striking difference in size. The teeth are not im- 

 planted in the jaws, but applied along the inner margin, thus exhibiting 

 the true pleurodont character. The tongue is free, slightly extensible, broad, 

 and emarginate at the tip, clothed with filiform or scaly papillae, and not 

 plying in a sheath. The ears are apparent externally in some species, while 

 in others there are no such indications of them. The eyes are generally 

 small, and slightly developed. Some species have movable eyelids ; in others 

 these organs are not movable ; Avhilc in a few the skin covers the entire ball 

 of the eye. 



This family is confined mainly to Africa and America, although a fcAv spe- 

 cies are found in other regions of the globe. Mexico, California, and the 

 southern United States contain quite a number of them. The entire number 

 of species described amounts to about 50, arranged in 16 genera. 



We distinguish the Chalcididcc into two sub-families, according as the 

 skin is covered with scales or is free from these appendages. The first sub- 

 family, that of the Ptydiopleiires^ possesses true scales arranged in the 

 manner already described. All the species, with a few exceptions, have a 

 longitudinal furrow, more or less deep, on each side ; and, without any ex- 

 ception, are in the possession of eyelids. Some species possess an external 

 auditory cavity, others are without one. The first genus to be mentioned is 

 Ophiosmims {pi. 14:. ßg. 63), an inhabitant of North America, and known as 

 the '• glass snake." This animal, although usually considered as a serpent, 

 may readily be distinguished by the compact skull and non-dilatable mouth, 

 the fleshy tongue, the external auditory cavity, and the peculiar distribution 

 of the scales. The name is derived from tlic fact that a slight blow is suf- 

 ficient to produce a fracture of the very brittle body, the muscles of which, 

 instead of the longitudinal arrangement of the serpents, have the arrange- 

 ment in hollow cones so conspicuous in the equally brittle tails of lizards. 

 It is a common, although entirely erroneous opinion, that the pieces of a broken 

 glass snake will reunite after a time. Two species are known in the United 

 States, one, O. vetitralis, restricted to the Southern or South Eastern States, 

 the other, O. lineatiis, occurring in the South West, and as far north as 

 Michigan. 



In the genus Pseiulopus, a native of Eastern Europe and of Africa, we 

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