34 ANTHROPOLOGY. 



bones : the two former are received into the radius ; the latter corresponds 

 to the fibro-cartilage which separates it from the ulna, and excludes this 

 bone from the joint. The wrist joint is secured by an external and internal 

 lateral, by a posterior and anterior ligament, and by a synovial membrane. 

 : The external lateral or radio-carpal ligament arises from the styloid process 

 of the radius, and is inserted into the scaphoid bone. The internal lateral 

 or idno-carpal ligament arises from the styloid process of the ulna, extends 

 obliquely downwards and forwards, and is inserted into the cuneiform and 

 pisiform bones. The anterior and posterior ligaments descend from the radius 

 and interarticular cartilage anteriorly and posteriorly, and are inserted into 

 the superior row of the carpus. These two ligaments, with the two 

 lateral, constitute the capsular ligament of some authors {pi. 126, ßgs. 1'''^'*, 



7. Articulations of the Bones of the Carpus. The bones of the 

 carpus are arranged in two rows, between which a certain degree of motion 

 takes place, very little, however, between the individual bones in either 

 row. The bones of the first row are connected by interosseous ligaments, 

 consisting of dense tissue placed between the upper border of the scaphoid 

 and lunar, and lunar and cuneiform. They range on a level with the 

 carpal convexity of the bones. The dorsal and palmar ligaments consist 

 of strong bands, which run in different directions from one bone to another. 

 The four bones of the second row of the carpus, like those of the first, are 

 connected by interosseous substance and by dorsal and palmar bands. 

 The bones of the entire carpus are connected with each other by the annu- 

 lar ligament which preserves the arched form of the carpus. 



8. Articulations between the Carpus and Metacarpus. The five 

 metacarpal bones present two series of articulations, the posterior or carpo- 

 metacarpal, and the anterior or metacarpophalangeal. In the former, the 

 carpal ends of the four internal metacarpal are joined to the lower row of 

 the carpus by nearly plane surfaces, and are secured before and behind by 

 transverse and oblique fibrous bands, which cover the synovial membranes 

 and are called dorsal, palmar, and interosseous. Across the upper and lower 

 extremities of the metacarpus pass ligaments {fig. 1''), whose object is to 

 give compactness to the hand. 



9. Articulations between the Metacarpus and the Phalanges. 

 These joints are furnished with capsular ligaments and synovial membranes 

 (^^5. 3, 4, 5) There are also strong lateral ligaments. 



6. Special Anatomy of the Inferior Extremities. 



A. Bones of the Inferior Extremities. 



To the lower extremities belong the pelvis, the thigh, the leg, and the 

 foot, subdivided into the tarsus, metatarsus, and phalanges. The pelvis 

 consists of four bones, the ossa innominata, the sacrum, a bone of the spine, 

 and the coccyx ; the thigh of one, the femur ; the leg of three, the patella, 

 . the tibia, and the fibula ; the tarsus of seven, the astragalus, the calcaneum, 

 740 



