44 ANTHROPOLOGY. 



indicates, unite tlie calcaneum with the cuboid bone. The union of the 

 scaphoid and cuboid is eflfected by the dorsal and plantar scapheo-cuboid 

 ligament. The three cuneiform bones are connected to the scaphoid 

 by dorsal ligaments, and by flat bands, as also by very strong plantar 

 ligaments. 



8. Tarso-Metatarsal Articulations. The three internal metatarsal 

 bones are joined to the three cuneiform, and the fourth and fifth metatarsal 

 to the cuboid. The tarso-metatarsal range of articulations is secured by 

 strong transverse ligaments, dorsal and plantar, and by interosseous fibres. 



9. The Metatarso-Phalaxgeal Articulations are arthrodial, and fur- 

 nished with synovial membranes, protected by dorsal, plantar, and lateral 

 ligaments. The phalanges of all the toes form ginglymoid joints, and are 

 articulated to each other by synovial membranes and by lateral ligaments 

 like those of the fingers. 



II. THE MUSCLES, OR MYOLOGY OF THE HUMAN FRAME. 



1. General Anatomy of the Muscles. 



The muscles consist of aggregations of parallel, soft, contractile fibres, so 

 connected with the bony framework and other parts of the system as to 

 produce the various motions of the body. They constitute the portion 

 of the animal usually known as the flesh, being composed of a peculiar 

 reddish contractile tissue (tela muscularis), together with tendons, fat, blood- 

 vessels, and nerves. 



The muscles of the body have been divided into voluntary and involun- 

 tary, or those which are and those which are not under the control of the 

 will. With this difi'erence another is usually conjoined, viz. that the fibres 

 of voluntary muscle are solid organs, exhibiting transverse and very close 

 parallel lines, while the involuntary muscular fibre is hollow and consists 

 of flattened bands, generally of a pale color, without transverse striae, and 

 bulged at frequent intervals by elongated corpuscles. While the former 

 are parallel to each other, the latter are interwoven and arranged in many 

 layers, so as to form a muscular skin, as in the intestinal canal, the bladder, 

 &c. Their action is confined to the enlarging, contracting, or otherwise 

 affecting the shape and size of certain cavities, and is dependent upon the 

 influence of the sympathetic nerves. Still the division above referred to 

 is not altogether correct, since the heart is composed of transverse fibres, 

 while the muscular coat of the oesophagus often displays the striae as far 

 down as the stomach. The further consideration of the involuntary mus- 

 cles will be more appropriate under the subject of Splanchnology ; that of 

 the voluntary will now occupy our attention. 



The muscles of voluntary motion, then, or the fiesh proper, are usually 

 of a deep red color ; they are mostly attached to the bones by means of 

 tendons, and thus put them in motion. All, with few exceptions, have theii 

 V50 



